NG
SYSTEMS
ROOF :
A roof is defined as the uppermost part of a building which is
constructed in the form of a framework to give protection to the
building against rain, heat, snow, wind etc. a basically consists of
structural elements provided at the top of building for the support of
roof coverings.
Requirements of roof:
It should be durable against the adverse effects of various agencies
such as wind ,rain, sun, etc.
It should grant the desirable insulation against sound and heat.
It should be structurally stable and sound.
It should be well drained.
It should have efficient water-proofing arrangement.
It should be fire resistant.
Classification of roofs:
Pitched or sloping roofs.
Flat or terraced roofs.
Curved roofs.
Sloping
roofs
Flat roofs
Curved
Examples of sloped
roofs
Single roof : In this type of roofs, the common rafters are provided to
each slope without any intermediate support.
Varieties of single roofs:
1. lean-to roof
2. Couple roof
3. Couple-close roof
4. Collar beam roof
5. Collar and scissors roof
lean-to roof:
In this type of roof, one wall is
carried up sufficiently higher
than the other one to give
necessary slope to the roof. The
rafters are suitably secured on the
wall-plates and eaves boards,
battens and roof covering.
A lean-to roof is generally used for
sheds, out houses attached to main
buildings, verandahs, etc. it is
suitable for a maximum span
2.40 m.
Couple roof:
In this type of roof, the
common rafters slope
upwards from the opposite
walls and they meet on a
ridge piece in the middle.
The common rafters are firmly
secured in position at both the
ends, one end being on the
ridge piece and the other on
the wall plate. It is suitable
for maximum span of 3.6 M .
Couple-close roof:
This roof is just similar to a
couple roof expect that the
legs of the common rafters
are connected by a tie
beam. The tie beam
prevents the tendency of
rafters to spread out and
thus the danger of
overturning of the walls is
avoided. The tie beam can
also be used as a ceiling
joist when required. A
couple-close roof can be
adopted economically up to
Parts of pitched
roof
Roof
structure
TRUSSED ROOFS:
When the span exceeds 4.8 m and
when there are no inside
supporting walls or partitions for
the purlins, the framed structures,
known as the trusses are used.
The spacing of trusses depends up
on:
i. Load on the roof
ii. Position of crosswalls
iii. Span
iv. Material of the truss
King-post truss:
In this type of truss the central post known as a king-post forms a
support for the tie beam. The inclined members known as the struts
prevent the principal rafters from bending in the middle.
A king post truss is suitable for roofs of span varying from 5 M to 8 M.
Coupled Roof
structure
Collar
Roof
Purlin
roof
Hipped roof
Roof truss
Ro o f t
russe s
Designing a complete
roof truss
N=2
P-3 number of necessary
N- minimum
members
P-number of panel members
N=2P-3- complete
frame N>2P-3Redundant frame
N<2P-3Incomplete frame
Typical roof
trusses
flink
truss
Warren or Belgian
truss
Warren or Belgian
truss
Typical roof
trusses
SLOPED ROOF
COVERINGS