Solid Waste Management

Week 11-12:
Solid Waste
Management
Learning Outcome
At the end of the lecture, students should be
able :
1.
2.
3.
4.
To identify various types of solid waste and

their sources
To explain the physical and chemical
composition of wastes
To discuss the elements involved in the
solid waste management
To design suitable solid waste collection
routes system
What is solid waste?
Solid wastes are all the waste arising from human

and animal activities that are normally solid and
that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Solid waste in Malaysia
An ever - expanding population and high rates of

economic development in Malaysia resulted in the
generation of vast amount of waste.
Malaysia Population: 23.2 million (2000); Male (51.1%);
Female (48.9%).
7,500 t/d or 7.5 mill. kg/d (1994); 2.7 million tons 15,000
t/day (2000) (Average:0.8 kg/p/d; 0.45-1.44 kg/p/d)
Kuala Lumpur 2,325 t/d (> 1.56 kg/p/d) (2000) can fill 88
floors of KLCC in 9 days
Johor Bahru 2,000 tons/day (1995)
Recycling Activity : 2 percent
Categories of Solid Waste

1.
2.
3.
Municipal wastes also called urban solid

waste, is a waste type that includes
predominantly household waste (domestic
waste) with sometimes the addition of
commercial
wastes
collected
by
a
municipality within a given area.
Industrial wastes those wastes arising
from industrial activities.
Hazardous wastes wastes that pose a
substantial danger immediately or over a
period of time to human, plant or animal life.
Municipal Solid waste
MSW AT LANDFILL
Industrial waste
The major generators of industrial solid

wastes are the thermal power plants
producing coal ash;
The integrated Iron and Steel mills
producing blast furnace slag and steel
melting slag;
Pulp and paper industries producing lime
and fertilizer.
sugar industries generating press mud etc;
Industrial waste
Steel slag
Press mud
Hazardous waste
Put simply, a hazardous waste is waste

that poses substantial or potential threats
to public health or the environment and
generally exhibits one or more of these
characteristics:
Ignitable (flammable), oxidizing, corrosive,
toxic, radioactive
Hazardous waste
Municipal Solid Waste

Composition
Normal composition by weight
50% combustible
Waste Composition
Percentage
(%)
Organic material
40
Paper
25
Plastic
15
Wood
10
Metal
Textiles
Others
Composition of urban solid

waste in selected Asian
Country (%)
Country
Organi
c
Waste
Paper
Plastic
China
35.8
3.7
3.8
Hong Kong
37.2
21.6
Indonesia
70.2
Japan
Metal
Other
2.0
0.3
54.3
15.7
3.9
3.9
17.6
10.9
8.7
1.7
1.8
6.2
17
40
20
10
Laos
54.3
3.3
7.8
8.5
3.8
22.5
Malaysia
43.2
23.7
11.2
3.2
4.2
14.5
Myanmar
80
14
Philippine
41.6
19.5
13.8
2.5
4.8
6.6
Singapore
44.4
28.3
11.8
4.1
4.8
6.6
31
27
23
48.6
14.6
13.9
5.1
3.6
14.2
South Korea
Thailand
Glass
Solid Waste Composition

for Selected Urban Area
(%)
Waste
Compositio
n
Petaling
Jaya
Kuala
Lumpur
Shah Alam
Bangi
Garbage
36.5
45.7
47.8
40
Plastic
16.4
14
15
Bottle / glass
3.1
3.9
4.3
Paper
27
29.9
20.6
18
Metal
3.9
5.1
6.9
Fabric
3.1
2.1
2.4
Miscellaneou
s
10
4.3
Properties of Solid Waste

Physical Composition
1. Identification of the individual components
that make up municipal solid wastes
2. Analysis of particle size
3. Moisture content
4. Density of solid waste
Physical Composition of MSW

1. Individual component
Identification of component that typically
make
most of MSW

2.Moisture content
Percentage of wet mass of the material.

2.Moisture content
To obtain the dry mass, the solid waste

material is dried in an oven at 77oC for 24 h.
This temperature and time is used to
dehydrate the material completely and to limit
the vaporization of volatile materials.
Typical data on the moisture content for the
solid waste components are given in the table.

2.Moisture content
Component
Moisture, %
Range
Food Waste
Typical
50 80
70
4 10
Cardboard
48
Plastics
14
Textile
6 15
10
Rubber
14
8 12
10
Garden Trimming
30 80
60
Wood
15 40
20
Misc Organics
10 60
25
Glass
14
Tin Cans
24
Dirt, Ashes
6 - 12
Paper
Leathers
Moisture
Definition : The moisture in a sample is expressed as percentage
of the wet weight of the MSW material
Significant
1.
It is useful for estimating heat content, landfill sizing, and transports requirements
2.
It can be expressed either as a % of the wet weight or as a % of the dry weight of the material.
3.
The wet-weight method is more commonly used and is expressed as follows :
M = (w-d)/w X 100
W = initial weight of sample as delivered (kg)
d = weight of sample after drying at 105oC (kg)
3. Particle size
The size of the component materials in solid wastes is

important for recovery of material especially with the
mechanical equipment such as trammel screens and
magnetic separator.
Size can be define by several formula Sc l
Sc = size of components (mm)
l = length
w = width
h = height
lw
Sc
2
l w h
Sc
3
Sc l w1/ 2
Sc l w h 1/ 3
Field capacity (FC)
Definition : Amount of moisture retained by mixed solids against the force gravity. Field
capacity varies with the degree of pressure applied to the waste and the state of decomposition
of the waste.
This parameter is very critical because (1) aerobic microbial activity is optimized at/or
slightly below the field capacity (2) to predict leachate formation in landfills, compost piles,
or storage piles.
FC =0.6 0.55 (W/[4500 + W])

FC = % of dry weight of waste, W = overburden weight
Field capacity
Significant of Field capacity parameter
Hydraulic conductivity (K) of compacted waste
K loose sample of MSW = 15 x 10-5 m/s

K dense baled waste MSW = 7 x 10-6 m/s
K for shredded waste MSW = 10-4 to 10-6 m/s

4.Density
Density (kg/m3)
Densities of solid
waste vary
markedly with
geographical
location, season
of the year and
length of time in
storage.
Components
Range
Typical
120 480
290
30 130
85
30 80
50
Plastics
30 130
65
Textile
30 100
65
Rubber
90 200
130
Leathers
90 260
160
Garden Trimming
60 225
105
120 320
240
90 360
240
160 480
195
45 160
90
320 960
480
Food Waste
Paper
Cardboard
Wood
Misc Organics
Glass
Tin Cans
Dirt, Ashes
WASTE GENERATION
Calculation on waste per capita (kg/person/day)

Example
Municipal (0.75 2.5)
Industrial (0.4 - 1.6)
Demolition (0.05 - 0.4)
Other municipal (0.05 - 0.03)
Commercial/ industrial (kg/employee or tones/tonne of
raw product)
Malaysia (0.4 - 1.9) rural/urban (Johor Bharu 1.0 - 1.4)
Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities:
Load Count
Mass-Volume Analysis
Material Balance Analysis
Estimation of Solid Waste
Load Count Analysis

The number of individual load and the corresponding
waste characteristic are noted over a specific time
period
Mass volume analysis
The weight and number of each load was record over
specific time period
Example one truck (20 m3) can load 3 times in a day
with correspondent to 1200 people. Each load give
500 kg, 485 kg and 630 kg of weight.
Material Balance Analysis
Accumulation = inflow outflow generation
Chemical
properties
of
MSW
Chemical properties of MSW
Chemical properties of MSW is significance in evaluating

processing and recovery options.
For example, feasibility of combustion depends on the chemical
composition of MSW.
MSW can be chemically characterized as SEMIMOIST,
COMBUSTIBLE, and NONCOMBUSTIBLE materials.
If MSW are to be used as FUEL, the four most important
properties to be known are :1.
2.
3.
4.
Proximate analysis
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis (major elements)
Energy content
Biological property of MSW

Biological property of MSW focus on organic fraction. It can be classified as below :1.
Water-soluble constituents, such as sugars, starches, amino acids, and various
organic acids
2.
Hemicellulose, a condensation product of five- and six-carbon sugars
3.
Cellulose, a condensation product of the six-carbon sugar glucose
4.
Fats, oils, and waxes, which are esters of alcohols and long-chain fatty acids
5.
Lignin, a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with groups (-OCH 3), the
exact chemical nature of which is still not known (present in some paper products
such as newsprint and fiberboard)
6.
Lignocellulose, a combination of lignin and cellulose
7.
Proteins, which are composed of chains of amino acids
Biological property is very importance to measure production

of methanol, ethanol and compost. However, biological process
can produce odors problem and generation of flies

Component
Food waste
Volatile solids
(VS), % of total
solids (TS)
Lignin content
(LC), % of VS
Biodegradable
fraction (BF)
7-15
0.4
0.82
94
21.9
0.22
96.4
0.4
0.82
Cardboard
94
12.9
0.47
Yard wastes
50-90
4.1
0.72
Paper
Newsprint
Office paper
Based on table above, wastes with high lignin contents, such as

newsprint, are significantly less biodegradable than the other organic
wastes found in MSW.
Why waste with high lignin contents are less biodegradable??

Production of odors (H2S)
CH3CHOHCOOH + SO42- 2CH3COOH + S2- + H2O + CO2 (Eq.1)
Lactate
sulfate
acetate
4H2 + SO42- S2- + 4 H2O (Eq. 2)

S2- + 2H+ H2S (Eq. 3)
sulfide ion
Chemical and biological properties of

MSW
Production of CO2, H2, N2, CH4 and O2 at landfill depend on the
Solid waste management

Continued pollution of our environment will,
if uncontrolled , be difficult to rectify in the
future.
What are the effects?
Soil Contaminant
Contaminants in the soil can hurt plants when

they grow in contaminated soil and take up the
pollutants through their roots.
Contaminants in the soil can also adversely
impact the health of animals and humans
Solid Waste Management

(SWM)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Waste generation
On-site handling, storage, and processing
Collection
Transfer and transport
Processing and recovery
Disposal
Waste Stream

1. Waste Generation
It is estimated about 17,000 of waste generated
per day in Peninsular Malaysia in 2002; expected
to reach 30,000 tones per day in 2020;
Estimated about 45% of the waste is made up of
food waste, 24% of plastic, 7% is paper, 6% of
iron and glass and others made of the rest.
Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities:

Load Count (estimated volume & each load of
wastes delivered to landfill, use of average
density data)
Mass-Volume Analysis: similar but the mass
of each load is recorded.
Solid Waste Generation

Cities
1970
tonnes /
day
1980
tonnes
/ day
1990
tonnes /
day
2000
tonnes
/ day
Generation Rate
(kg / capita /
day)
Kuala
Lumpur
98.8
310.5
586.8
2257
1.62
Johor Bahru
41.1
99.5
174.8
550
1.29
Kuala
Terengganu
8.7
61.8
121.0
250
0.89
Kota Bahru
9.1
56.5
102.9
220
0.80

2. Waste handling & storage
The handling and separation of solid wastes at

the source before they are collected is a critical
step in the management of residential solid
waste.
Handling refers to the activities associated with
managing solid wastes until they are placed in
the containers used for their storage (before
collection to dumpsite/recycling centers).

1. Residential area
Residential dwellings and building types can be
classified in various ways, a classification based on
the number of stories is adequate for the purpose
discussing the handling .
Three (3) classifications most often used:
i. low rise under four stories,
ii. medium rise from four to seven stories,
iii. high rise over seven stories.

2. High rise residential
Methods of handling solid wastes involve one or more
of the following:
i.
wastes are picked up by building maintenance
personnel from the various floors and taken to the
basement or service area
ii.
wastes usually bagged, are placed by the tenants in
specially designed vertical chutes, with opening
located on each floor.
iii.
wastes taken to the basement by tenants

3. Commercial area;
In most office and commercial buildings, solid
wastes that accumulated in individual offices or
work locations are collected in relatively large
containers mounted on rollers.
The handling and separation of non- industrial solid
wastes at industrial facilities is the same as for
commercial facilities
What are the purposes of waste

separation at source?

2. Waste handling &
storage
Storage of solid at site before being collected by
dumping truck.
Factors that must be considered in the onsite
storage of solid wastes include;
1. The effects of storage on the waste components
2. The type of container to be used
3. The container location
4. Public health and aesthetics

Factor no 1: the effects of storage .
An
important consideration in the onsite
storage of waste are the effects of storage
itself on the characteristics of the wastes being
stored.
These effects of storing wastes include;
i.
microbial decomposition
ii. the absorption of fluids
iii. the contamination of waste components

Microbial decomposition
Food and other wastes placed in onsite
storage containers will almost
immediately start to undergo
microbiological decomposition
Flies can start to breed and odorous
compounds can develop.

Absorption of fluids
Because the components that comprise solid wastes
have differing initial moisture contents, re-equilibration
takes place as wastes are stored onsite in containers.
Where mixed wastes are stored together, paper absorb
moisture from food wastes and fresh garden trimmings.
The degree of absorption that takes place depends on

the length of time the wastes are stored until collection.
If wastes are followed to sit for more than a week in
enclosed containers, the moisture will become
distributed throughout the wastes.
If watertight container lids are not used, wastes can also
absorb water from rainfall that enters partially covered
containers.

Contamination of waste components
Serious
effect is the contamination
occurs.
The major waste components may be
contaminated by small amounts of
wastes such as motor oils, household
cleaners and paints,

Factor no 2 : Types of Containers
Depend on:
characteristics of SW to be collected,
e.g. large storage containers for
domestic SW (flats/apartment); large
containers on a roller
(Commercial/Industrial)
Collection frequency
Space available for the placement of
containers

Factor no 3 :Container Locations
side/rear of house, alleys
special enclosures (apartment/condos)
Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer
complexes
Factor no 4: Public Health & Aesthetics
relates to on-time collection to avoid the
spread of diseases by vectors, etc.
must be pleasing to the eye (containers
must be clean, shielded from publics view).

Apartments
Low rise residential
On-site storage bin

3. Collection of SW
60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
Major problems:
Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
Road congestion - time cost, leachate,
transport costs.
Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
Absence of systematic methods
(especially at apartments, markets
with large wst. volume).

3. Collection of SW
Types of collection systems
1. Hauled Container System (HCS)
Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied,
and returned to original location or some
other location
Suitable for areas w/ higher waste generation
2. Stationary Container System (SCS)
. the container used to store waste remain at
the point of generation; except when
moved to curb or other location to be
emptied.
. Used for residential/commercial sites.
Haul Container System

Drive to next container, dbc
Pick up loaded container
Deposit loaded container
Container
Location
Truck from
Dispatch station, t1
Haul, h
Transfer station, processing station, or disposal

Site (contents emptied), s
Truck to
Dispatch station,
t2
Stationary Container
System
Pickup
Location
Load contents from container(s) at pickup

location into collection vehicle, uc
Drive to next pickup

location
1
Empty collection Vehicles from

Dispatch station, t1
Drive empty collection

To beginning of next collection
Route or return to dispatch station.
Drive loaded collection

Vehicle To disposal site
Transfer station, processing station, or

disposal Site, s
4. Transfer and Transport of

solid waste
Solid waste hauling

truck
Kathmandu, Nepal.

4. Transfer and Transport of solid waste
The functional element of transfer and

transport refers to the means, facilities,
and appearances used to effect the
transfer of wastes from;
small collection vehicles

larger
vehicles processing centers/disposal
sites.

Factors to consider in selection of vehicle;
Waste quantities
Truck body or container capacity
Location of container
Physical characteristics of the collection
routes
Residential, commercial or industrial: HCS for
large buildings (e.g. apt., industries, etc.)
Safety and comfort - to minimize danger to
crews.

Transfer station- more common as the

distance of landfill sites becomes greater
Advantages;
better haul roads for collection vehicles

traffic control
fewer truck on the sanitary landfill haul routes
improved landfill operating efficiency
Lower overall haul cost
Material separation/recovery
facilities/recycling

5. Processing and Treatment of SW
Recycle,
Separation
and
Materials
Recovery Facility (MRF)
MRF
a facility for separating
commingled recyclables by manual or
mechanical means.
Some MRFs are designed to separate
recyclables from mixed MSW.
MRFs
then bale and market the
recovered materials.

5. Processing and Treatment of SW

6. Disposal of SW
The only viable method for the long term
handling.
Should only be carried out after;
1.
solid wastes that are collected and are of no
further use;
2.
the residual matter remaining after solid
wastes have been processed;
3.
the residual matter remaining after the
recovery of conversion products and or
energy has been accomplished,

6. Disposal of SW
Land filling is the method of disposal used most

commonly for municipal wastes, land farming and
deep well injection have been used for industrial
wastes.
Why cant we expand/increase Landfill Sites to

dispose Municipal Solid Wastes ?
i. Land is NOT limitless
ii. Landfill can produce pollution
Modern landfills are well-engineered facilities that are located,

designed, operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with federal
regulations.
Solid waste landfills must be designed to protect the environment

from contaminants which may be present in the solid waste stream.

6. Disposal of SW
The landfill siting plan which prevents

the siting of landfills in environmentally
sensitive areas
On-site environmental monitoring systems
which
monitor
for
any
sign
of
groundwater contamination and for landfill
gas provide additional safeguards.
In addition, many new landfills collect
potentially harmful landfill gas emissions
and convert the gas into energy.

7. Incinerator
Burning (MSW) can generate energy while

reducing the amount of waste by up to 90
percent in volume and 75 percent in weight.
To reduce waste volume, local governments or
private operators can implement a controlled
burning
process
called
combustion
or
incineration.
In addition to reducing volume, combustors, when
properly equipped, can convert water into steam
to fuel heating systems or generate electricity.

7. Incinerator
Over one-fifth of the U.S. MSW incinerators use

refuse derived fuel (RDF).
In contrast to mass burning where the
municipal solid waste is introduced "as is" into
the combustion chamber, RDF facilities are
equipped to recover recyclables (e.g., metals,
cans, glass) first, then shred the combustible
fraction into fluff for incineration.

7. Incinerator
Burning waste at extremely high temperatures

also destroys chemical compounds and diseasecausing bacteria.
Regular testing ensures that residual ash is nonhazardous before being landfilled.
About ten percent of the total ash formed in the
combustion process is used for beneficial use
such as daily cover in landfills and road
construction.
Thermal Treatment of MSW
Schematic of typical mass-burn municipal waste

combustion facility with energy production
facilities

Issues in the implementation of incineration
facilities
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sitting
Management of emissions
Public health
economics
Integrated Solid Waste

Management
To assess the management possibilities it
is important to consider ;
Avoid
1.
2.
3.
Choose green process

Selection more on the environmental
material
Verified the final waste from the product
Reduction
1.
2.
3.
Reducing the amount of materials used in

the manufacture of a product.
Reducing the amount of materials used for
packaging and marketing of consumer
goods.
Increasing the useful life of a product (e.g.
doubling the useful life of tires).
Reused and Recycling
Using of materials for another purpose.

paper bags for storage of wastes, newspapers to
start fires, tin cans, etc.
Furniture
Cloth
Glass
Car
Treat and Process

Waste can be chemically or physically
treated prior to disposal to improve their
properties
Treatment can reduce the toxicity of waste,
remove further useful components and
improve waste properties for disposal
Example ash to be used as concrete
material
Incineration
Combustible waste burn at 900 10000C
Leave ash and non-combustible behind
Can reduce waste volume by 75-95% but
usually 50%reduction to fuel burning for
electric power
Air pollutant concern
Acid rain
Global warming
Dumps Into Landfill

Still used world wide
New open dump banned in USA
Typical site in abandoned quarries, low
areas and hillside
Some allowed to burn
Nuisance
Pollutant of air, surface and ground
Solid & Hazardous

Waste Legislation
1.
The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) of

1974 (Act 127) :
The EQA - federal law (gives the mandate and
regulatory power to the DOE), clear regulations
so as to control the dumping of wastes.
Sec.24 (3)
. Offence to establish refuse dump, garbage tip, soil and rock
disposal site, sludge disposal site or repository for solid or
liquid waste which is obnoxious or offensive to human beings
or pollute underground water or soil etc.
. Penalty max. RM 100,000 and/or 5 years jail (raised in 1996
(amendment) from RM 10,000 and 2 yrs).
ii. Sec. 29 Prohibit discharge of waste in Malaysian waters.
Penalty of max.RM 500,000 and/or 5 yrs. (from RM10,000
and/2 yrs jail before 1996)
i.
Solid & Hazardous

Waste Legislation
2.
EQA, Scheduled Waste, 1989

Notification of waste generation
Treat and reduce waste
Proper inventory, handling, labeling, disposal
Categories of scheduled waste
Proper training of waste disposal contractors;
consignment notes, emergency response
plans
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (PRESCRIBED

CARRIER)(SCHEDULED WASTES) ORDER
2005
3.
4.
5.
6.
EQA, Chlorofluorocarbon, 1993.

Customs Order.
Transport Act.
Local Government Act, 1976:
Prohibits deposit of filth, nuisance upon

stream, channel, public drain or other water
course (Sec.69)- RM2,000 and/or 1 yr, jail and
RM 500/day if continues after conviction;
Prohibit trade refuse to pollute stream (Sec
70) Max. RM5,000 and/or 2 yrs, RM 500/day.
Conclusion
MSWmore commonly known as trash or

garbageconsists of everyday items.
Current disposals site is expected to be
closed in 2 years time.
Cleaner and healthier communities can be
achieved by understanding and practicing
the 3Rs of solid waste management
reduce, reuse, recycle; activities includes
source
reduction,
composting,
combustion etc.
Exercise:
Estimate the unit waste generation rate per week for
a resident area consists of 2500 homes. The
observation location is a local transfer station that
receive all the waste collected. The observation
period was 1 week.
* Assume one house equal to 3.5 person
1. No of compactor truck = 8 , size = 20 m 3 and
mass-volume = 250 kg/m3
2. No of pick up truck = 3 , size = 2.5 m 3 and massvolume = 105 kg/m3
3. No load from individual resident private car = 15 ,
size = 0.32 m3 and mass-volume = 84 kg/m3
Exercise
During a sampling event at a tipping floor of a MRF, MSW is
found to contain the following components:
Component
Density (kg/m3)
Amount in sampled waste

(% by Wt)
Food waste
290
22
Mixed plastics
60
12
Glass
200
Ferrous and alumunium
200
12
Textiles
60
Dust, dirt
500
28
What is the average density of this solid waste

mixture?
Answer : 254 kg/m3
THANK
YOU

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Week 11-12:

To identify various types of solid waste and

What is solid waste?

Solid wastes are all the waste arising from human

Solid waste in Malaysia

An ever - expanding population and high rates of

Categories of Solid Waste

Municipal wastes also called urban solid

Municipal Solid waste

The major generators of industrial solid

Put simply, a hazardous waste is waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Composition of urban solid

Solid Waste Composition

Properties of Solid Waste

Physical Composition of MSW

Physical Composition of MSW

Physical Composition of MSW

To obtain the dry mass, the solid waste

Physical Composition of MSW

Physical Composition of MSW

The size of the component materials in solid wastes is

Field capacity (FC)

FC =0.6 0.55 (W/[4500 + W])

Hydraulic conductivity (K) of compacted waste

K loose sample of MSW = 15 x 10-5 m/s

Physical Composition of MSW

Calculation on waste per capita (kg/person/day)

Estimation of Solid Waste

Load Count Analysis

Chemical properties of MSW is significance in evaluating

Biological property of MSW

Biological property is very importance to measure production

Biological property of MSW

Based on table above, wastes with high lignin contents, such as

Biological property of MSW

4H2 + SO42- S2- + 4 H2O (Eq. 2)

Chemical and biological properties of

Production of CO2, H2, N2, CH4 and O2 at landfill depend on the

Solid waste management

Contaminants in the soil can hurt plants when

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management

Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities:

Solid Waste Generation

Solid waste management

The handling and separation of solid wastes at

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

What are the purposes of waste

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

The degree of absorption that takes place depends on

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

Solid waste management

Low rise residential

On-site storage bin

Solid waste management