CHAPTER 2 :

The
Structure of

Matter

anything that occupies space and has

mass .

The particle Theory of

Matter
Matter made
of very small
discrete
Atoms

particles

Molecules

Ions

Atoms
The smallest particles of an
element that can participate in a
chemical reaction

Example :
Na, K, Mg, Zn, Cu

Molecules
A group of two or more atoms
which are chemically bonded
together

Example :
O2 , Cl2, H2O, CH4

Ions
A positively-charged (Cation)Metal
Or
negatively-charged particles
(Anion) non metal

Example :
Na+, K+, Mg2+, O2-, Cl-,
MgO, NaCl, K SO

The Kinetic Theory of

Matter
The particles always in motion
but
the velocities of the particles in

three state of matter

Solid

Liquid

are different.

Gas

Evidence of the movement

of particles
Brownian
movement

Diffusion
Particles move in
between the particles
of another substance
from a high
concentration area to
low concentration area

Rate of Diffusion

Liquid

Solid
Jelly

Potassium
manganate
(VII) crystal

Gas
Bromine
gas

The Kinetic Theory of Matter

Three State Of Matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

1. Arrangement of particles
2. Force attraction between
particles
3. Kinetic energy of particles
4. Movement of particles

State Of Matter : Solid

1. The particles are packed
closely together in an
orderly manner
2. Strong force attraction
between particles
3. Low kinetic energy of
particles

State Of Matter : Liquid

1. The particles are packed
closely together but not in
orderly manner
2. Force attraction between
particles is strong but less than
solid
3. Kinetic energy of particles
higher than solid
4. Particles can vibrate, rotate
and move throughout the

State Of Matter : Gas

1. The particles very far apart
from each other
2. Force attraction between
particles is weak
3. Kinetic energy of particles is
higher
4. Particles move randomly /
freely

Arrangement of Particles

Gas
Solid

Liquid

Changes In State of Matt

er
ng
ti
el
M

Solid

ng
zi
ee
Fr

ev B
ap oi
or li n
Co
at g /
n
io
d
en
n
sa
ti
on

Sublimation

Gas

Liquid

Activity : To determine the

melting and freezing point of
naphthalene

A.
Heating of Na
phthalene

B. Cooling of
Naphthalene

Thermomete
r
Naphthalene
Water
bath

Conical
flask

A. Heating Curve of
Temperature
Naphthalene

Melting point

Time

B. Cooling curve of Naphthalene

Temperature

Freezing point

Time