CASSAVA-BIO FUEL CROP

What is Cassava
The scientific name Manihot Esculenta Crantz.
The cassava plant is the only species in its genus
group that serves as a food crop.
It stands to be the fourth largest staple in the world
after, wheat, rice and maize.
About 500 million people around the world depend
cassava as a staple food.
It is the third largest source of carbohydrates in plants
used for food in the world.

Cassava plant

Cassava root

The cassava root is toxic because it contains the

chemical cyanogenic glucoside which becomes
cyanide. So processing of the root is so important
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The Cassava Plant

It can grow to about 15 feet tall

The cassava plant is made up of two main parts,

the leaves and the woody shrub root, both of
these parts of the plant serves as a food source.

The root can come in two forms, sweet or bitter.

It can be harvested between 10 and 30 months.

The root is the main part of the plant that is used

as a food source and it is dark brown on the
outside and white or yellowish on the inside.

It is known as other names such as cassada,

yuca, manioc, mogo, mandioca.

Cassava Growing Areas

The crop serves as a staple food in Central America, The

Caribbean, South America, Africa and Asia.

The largest producer of the crop stands to be Africa,

Thailand is largest exporter of the crop.

Thailand grows the crop for export purposes, Brazil

produces it for industrial purposes and Africa produces it for
local food expenditure.

Uses of Cassava

Used as a food.(floor)

In recent years, Cassava is used as an ethanol bio-fuel.

Used as animal feed and this is a big sector of the cassava market these
days.(widely used in most tropical areas for feeding pigs, cattle, sheep &
paultry)

Used as a medicine.(Cassava is very low in fats and protein than in cereals

and pulses, Young tender cassava leaves are a good source of dietary
proteins and vitamin K)

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Flour

Animal feed

What is Bio fuels?

Bio fuels are energy sources made from living things, or the waste
that living things produce.

Its can divide in to two parts. Those are,

1.

First-generation or conventional bio fuels - made from sugar, starch, or

vegetable oil.

2.

Second-generation or (advanced) bio fuels - made from various types

of biomass.

Cont
Bio

fuel can also made from the cassava. Because cassava had
starch.

Bio

fuel has been produced from different sources in the past.

The

generally accepted sources of raw material for alcohol

production from starch are cereal grains such as corn, wheat, rye,
barley, sorghum grains, rice, potatoes, apple wine, and others.
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Cont

In many countries cassava use as the bio fuels.

Such as Vietnam ,Colombia ,Ghana , Thailand

Nigeria ,Africa ,China, Japan.

Bio fuel can use in many ways those are Ethanol,

Biodiesel, Other bio alcohols, Green diesel, Bio fuel
gasoline, Vegetable oil, Bio ethers, Biogas, Syngas,
Solid bio fuels.
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Cont
In

bio fuel production mainly use peel off ground

bio mass.

stem

and leaves residues are also used to

produce bio fuels.

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Commercial Production Process Of Bio-fuel

The ultimate output of the following process is to produce a Ethanol which can be used as a bio-fuel.

Cassava can be said as a great crop for ethanol production because it produces high yields (30-80
ton/hectare) & projects tremendous starch content.

Therefore Cassava produce high amount of Ethanol per ton. Compared to Wheat, Corn or Sugar
cane, Cassava Ethanol yields amount up to about 200 liters per ton.

Cassava roots containing 30% starch is capable of producing about 280 liters (222kg) 96% pure
Ethanol.

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Process Of Production

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Basically production of Ethanol with Cassava is followed through

a main five step process.
Those can be listed as
Grinding
Liquification
Saccharification
Fermentation
Distillation

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Grinding

Mostly cassava roots are being used for this process.

First of all the taken cassava roots should be chopped

& then be ground into powder.

This step is done in order to make the

production process easier.

After that the powder is mixed well with

water.
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Saccharification

In this step Glucosidase enzyme is provided, under

controlled conditions.

Usually temperature is maintained between 55-65 Celsius &

the pH between 4-4.5.

Purpose of this step is to convert the starch & cellulose

molecules contained, into sugar molecules.
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Fermentation

After successive saccharification procedures, the mash was

cooled to room temperature.

Then the yeast extract should be added to allow the

fermentation.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae contained in yeast become

activated.

Due to this microbial activity starch & sugar in the sample are
broken down.

Resulting products of this stage are Ethanol & Carbon dioxide.

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Distillation

As CO2 was already emitted in the earlier step as a

gas, only water is left with the Ethanol.

Therefore Distillation is done to evaporate the

containing amount of water & to purify Ethanol with the
anticipated concentration.

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What is the usage?

Directly used as fuel for diesel

engines

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Advantage of cassava biofuel?

Help to reduce fossil energy use
Results in less acidification and nutrient enrichment

Helps to improve the fuel's life cycle environmental performance.

To reducing the emission of the greenhouse gases.

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Disadvantages of cassava biofuel?

Complex process.
Special skills required.
More labor requirements.

High production cost

Cannot be stocked / short shelf-life due to high moisture content/

high perishability
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