Audio and video films

Brief History

Video film have featured in the development

of social research within sociology,
anthropology, education and psychology. In
the past the cost of film and video equipment
and production placed it out of the hands of
most researchers.Video is increasingly the
data collection tool of choice for researchers
interested in the multimodal character of
social interaction

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Participatory video approaches have grown

since the late 1990s in the context of action
research and practice based interventions
concerned with participation and
empowerment, notably in the context of
international development, health
programmers, and marginalized communities
(White, 2003).

Examples of videos

videos for research including home-made

domestic video,
broadcast media (Chouliaraki, 2006),
automated CCTV recordings (Goodwin, 1994),
and
YouTube videos (Adami, 2010).

Key characteristics of video records,

1) Its character as a real-time sequential

record;
2) A fine-grained multimodal record; and
3) Its durability, malleable, and share-ability.

Work of video data

Need to link video based data to social theories and

themes
Understand the effect of video recording on data
collection
Make sure the data is understood in context
Decide on the scale you will look at and how much
data you need to address your question
Decide on analysis strategies for managing video
data to avoid being data overload
What status will you give your data in your data set
primary, secondary?

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.Allows researchers to analyze events retrospectively.

Allows researchers to review consultations repeatedly
Creates a permanent and complete record.
Potential for multiple viewing/reviewing.
Higher inter-rater reliability (with the help of practice coding).
Can be used to establish connections between perceptions
and the observed activities during the visit.
Generates a large amount of data Allows researchers to
capture activities in much of their complexity in their natural
settings over an extended period of time.
Can be reviewed by increasing the both researchers and
participants, scope of interpretation.

hallenges/Disadvantages:
Time allotted.
Money/Resources.
Time to product/Learning curve of doing multimedia projects.

Advantages

Video can support an exploratory research design and extended data

discovery
It can be re-opened for later analysis and capture things not noticed
at the time of being present
Participants can use the camera to extend the researcher access to
their life worlds
Video is sharable - participants can be invited to reflect and discuss it
It can be used effectively to support empirical comparison of
strategies, style, and interaction across a data set
Video enables researchers to re-visit a moment not as past but
formerly present
It can re-awaken the memories and experiences of a researcher or
participant.

Disadvantages

Video data is partial: it includes and excludes

elements
Video is primarily focused on the material external
expression
It can be edited to represent the order events in new
ways
It usually provides one perspective on an event
It generally records interaction over short periods of
time
Video takes time to watch and review and can be
difficult to meaningfully summarized

Audio films

Introduction
An audio film is a format of sonic art that
eliminates the need for visual elements and a
describer, by providing information through
sound, sound processing and spatialisation.
Sound effects are used both to represent
actions and as soundmarks to help the
listeners identify the different spaces in the
narrative.

Continue

Audio recording is an analogue technology, as are

film and traditional video. There is a long history of
their use in many areas of social and psychological
research and especially in anthropology. Recent
changes in this technology have taken several
forms. First it has become cheaper and more
widespread. This means that the technology is
more available to researchers, but also that the
people being researched are more used to being
recorded by the technology and even familiar with
using it themselves.

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For example, in the case of video, people are now

used to being recorded whether as part of a
"holiday video" or as part of the now widespread
CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) security systems.
They are often familiar with making their own
video recordings and with "reading" the wide
variety of video material they are presented with.
Both the cheapness and ubiquity of the technology
mean that there are new opportunities for
researchers not only to record settings but also to
use the technology to create new data.

Advantages
of Audio films

Easy to use:
Could be stored for longer duration
Could be stored for longer duration
Authentic Record
Research presentation could be in Audio-video
format:
More access and spared amongst the people:

Challenges/Disadvantages

challenges/Disadvantages:
Time allotted.
Money/Resources.
Time to product/Learning curve of doing multimedia projects.