Pengkajian

Sistem Imun

Immunologi
Studi tentang respon fisiologis tubuh
dimana tubuh akan merusak atau
menetralisir benda asing, makhluk
hidup maupun benda mati, termasuk
sel tubuh sendiri yang telah
mengalami perubahan.

Lini Pertama Pertahanan Tubuh

The Integumentary System
Skin
Mucous membranes
Mucous

provides a physical barrier preventing

microbial access

The Invader : Mikroba

Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh Lain

Physiological variables
pH of our environment
temperature of our environment

chemical defenses
nitric oxide, enzymes, proteins, complement

AND the IMMUNE SYSTEM

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Immune System
The Innate Immune system = nonspesifik
a general response to anything other than
recognized self cells

The Adaptive Immune System = spesifik

a specific counter-assault against a known
foreign invader (previously recognized)

Organs of immune system: Primer

Thymus: behind sternum (breast bone)
Immature T cells mature here. 90% die
because they recognize self proteins

Bone marrow: stem cells divide to produce

immune system cells

Organs of immune system: Sekunder

kelenjar limfe
limpa
tonsil dan
kumpulan limfosit yang terdapat pada
permukaan saluran pencernaan, saluran
pernafasan, saluran genital, dan saluran
urinal.

What Happens during an infection?

Innate Immunity = nonspesifik

injury & infection
macrophages slip between cells
(extravasation) to arrive
Macrophagescytokine chemicals
attract other troops (chemotaxis)

What are macrophages ?

Phagocytic cells - able
to ingest small foreign
invaders
neutrophils
monocyte

they release
cytokines that
enhance the
immune
response
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/immunology/graphics/mphage2.gi

 Mast cells/basophils
release histamine
that dilates blood
vessels
causes redness
(erythrema),
swelling (edema),
and heat (fever)

http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/wound.jpg

 Adaptive Immunity: spesifik

There are 2 types of lymphocytes:
T lymphocytes ( T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells )

 The first type : T lymphocytes.

begin in the

red bone marrow

& migrate to the thymus gland and

mature..
T Lymphocytes are sorted into 3 :
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Supressor T cells

Natural Killer cells

(The Third population)

 The second type is: B lymphocytes

B lymphocytes (B cells) - start in the bone
marrow and circulate through the body

Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC) proteins
How does immune system know what to
attack?
Proteins on cell surface define self
MHC I: On surface of most cells self
MHC II: On B cells, T cells, macrophages:
police badge of immune sys.

Macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus

(yellow). On top of the macrophage is a spherical
lymphocyte.

Natural Killer cell: kills cells that do

not have Class I MHC on them

B cells
B is for bone, where they mature.
Activated B cells produce antibodies to
invaders epitopes.
Some remain as memory cells, ready for
next encounter w/ a similar invader.

15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 2)

Antibodies
Y-shaped structure
Ig G, Ig M, Ig E, Ig A, Ig D

T cells

Mature in thymus (hence their name)

Cytotoxic T cells kill infected self cells
Helper T cells activate B & CD8+ cells
Suppressor T cells: suppress immune
response after infection is over
Recognize antigen only if it is presented in
combination with MHC protein on another
cell

15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 3)

Immune system cells

Helper T cells
Recognize MHC II molecules + antigen
MHC II molecules actually hold the antigen

Activate resting B cells to secrete Abs.

Also produce interleukins
attracts macrophages
proliferation of T cells

Immune system cells

Cytotoxic T cells
Recognize MHC I self molecules + portions
of antigen on cell surface.
Kills cells by injecting something that forms
pores in membrane
Dont attack bacteria: No MHC I molecule
Dont attack normal self cells: no foreign
antigen
Function: Kill cells taken over by virus

Proses respon imun

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