Hazardous Waste

are materials no longer of value to

their owner or producer and which
represent a threat to human health
or the environment.

Where are these originally

from?
By-product of 20th century industrial
and technological innovations
exemplified by chemical and
petrochemical industries and a wide
spectrum of new manufacturing
process.

What is Chemical Industry?

Thechemical industrycomprises
thecompaniesthat produce
industrialchemicals.
It convertsraw materials(oil,natural
gas,air,water,metals, andminerals)
into more than 70,000
differentproducts.

 Polymers (PVC, Nylon,

Polypropelene, Acrylics)
Life Sciences
Specialty Chemicals
Consumer Products

What is Petrochemical
Industry?
Petrochemicals are chemicals made
from petroleum (crude oil) and
natural gas.

Health Effects
When can you say a material is
HAZARDOUS?
Affects human health by infecting it with
dangerous diseases.

Hazardous Compounds can affect

human health because they are
infectious or contain acute or chronic
toxins.

Infectious Materials
Infectious waste is any waste
generated from health and health
related facilities that are capable of
producing infectious disease.

Acute Toxins
Death or serious illness
Short time of exposure

Chronic Toxin
Carcinogenic materials : Cancer
Teratogenic materials : Birth Defects
Mutagenic materials : malfunction of
cells (cancer and reproductive
failure)

FEDERAL LEGISLATIONS
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976 (RCRA)
Comprehensive Environmental
Response
Compensation and Liability Act of
1980 (CERCLA, or Superfund)
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976

Compensation and Liability Act

(CERCLA/Superfund)
To clean up abandoned hazardous
waste sites

Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976

(TOSCA)
Deals primarily w/ the manufacturer
of new chemicals and their effects on
human health and environment.

Resource Conservation and Recovery

Act of 1976 (RCRA)
Is intended to control hazardous
waste from creation to ultimate
disposal and all steps in between.
cradle to grave

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA)
is anagencyof theFederal
government of the United
Stateswhich was created
for the purpose of
protecting human health
and the environment by
writing and enforcing
regulations based on laws
passed byCongress.

Hazardous Waste defined by

EPA
A waste is hazardous if it possesses
one or more hazardous char.:
Ignitability, Corrosivity,
Reactivity, or Toxicity.
A waste is hazardous if it is on the
list of processes that generates
hazardous waste, or if it is on the
list of discarded/spilled

 Ignitable Wastes
Cause fire during storage,
transportation, or disposal.
Example are volatile fuels such as
gasoline.

 Corrosive Wastes
Have pH measurements outside 2-12.5
Corode steel greater than 6.35 mm per
year
Examples of these wastes are highly
acidic or basic metal cleaning solutions.

 Reactive Wastes
React violently with water
Form potentially explosive mixtures with
water
Unstable and contain cyanide or sulfide
Can explode if heated under pressure

 Toxic Waste
Defined by a rigorous text procedure
called Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP)

 Hazardous Waste from Nonspecific

Sources
Describes generic wastes commonly
produced
in a variety of industrial
Spent solvent wastes (F001 F005)
Electroplating and metal finishing operations wastes
processes.

(F006 F012, F019)

Dioxin-bearing wastes (F020 F023, F026 F028)
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons production wastes
(F024, F025)
Wood preserving wastes (F032, F034, and F035)
Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment sludges
(F037 and F038)
Multisource leachate (F039)
Example: Spent Solvent Waste (F001)

 Hazardous Waste from Specific

HAZARDOUS WASTE
WASTE DESCRIPTION HAZARD CODE
Sources
NUMBER
Wood Preservation:
K001

Bottom sediment sludge

from the treatment of
wastewater from woodpreserving processes
that use creosote and/or
pentachlorophenol

Inorganic Pigments:
K005

Wastewater treatment
sludge from the
production of chrome
(green) pigments

Organic Chemicals :
K020

Heavy ends from the

distillation of vinyl
chloride in vinyl chloride
monomer production

Pesticides:
K032

Wastewater treatment
sludge from the
production of chlordane

Explosives:
K044

Wastewater treatment
sludges from the

that use creosote and/or

pentachlorophenol
Inorganic Pigments:
K005

Wastewater treatment
sludge from the
production of chrome
(green) pigments

Organic Chemicals :
K020

Heavy ends from the

distillation of vinyl
chloride in vinyl chloride
monomer production

Pesticides:
K032

Wastewater treatment
sludge from the
production of chlordane

Explosives:
K044

Wastewater treatment
sludges from the
processing of explosives

Petroleum Refining:
K052

Tank bottoms (leaded)

from the petroleum
refining industry

Leather tanning,
finishing: K053

Chrome (blue)
trimmings generated by
the following
subcategories of the

 Discarded or Spilled Commercial

Chemical Products
Includes only commercial chemical
products that are discarded , their
containers if not triple rinsed, and any
spills or spill residues of these products.
Divided into acute and toxic wastes
Acute hazardous wastes are those EPA
has determined represent a greater risk
to human health and the environment
than others.

Hazardous Waste Number

Description

P012

Arsenic Trioxide

P089

Parathion

P110

Tetraethyl lead

U051

Creosote

U151

Mercury

U226

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Summary
A waste can be a hazardous waste if it is :
Ignitable
Corrosive
Reactive
Toxic
OR
Nonspecific sources
Specific sources
Discarded or spilled chemicals

Examples of Hazardous wastes that

result from manufacturing and
processing of common consumer
products
CONSUMER
PRODUCT

INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES

WASTES

Leather belt with

brass plated buckle

Leather tanning
Electroplating

Chromium
Caustics
Toxic Metals
Cyanides in Sludges

Gasoline

Refining

Leaded sludges from

tank bottoms
Other toxic sludges

CONSUMER PRODUCT
Electric Motor

INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
Copper
Refining
Steel Finishing
Manufacturing and
Assemby

Bicycle

Electroplating
Painting
Assembly

WASTES
Copper Sludges
Acidic metal wastes
Toxic metal and
cyanides in sludges
Organic solvents
Chlorinated solvents
Toxic metals and
cyanides in sludges
Organic solvents and
paints
Chlorinated Solvents
SOURCE : EPA SURVEY, 1985

Possible Sources of Infectious Waste

Hospitals
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Military biological weapons
installations

Federal Regulations in the

Philippines

RA6969:
Toxic Substances and
Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990

 It has been recognized that the public and the

environment are at risk in the use or exposure to
chemicals as well as the long term damage brought about
by careless handling or disposal of hazardous wastes
To control, supervise and regulate activities on toxic
chemicals and hazardous waste. Under this act
importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage,
transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of all
unregulated chemical substances and mixtures in the
Philippines, as well as the entry even in transit, or storage
and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes are
regulated.

DENR Administrative Order No. 29, Series of

1992:THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

Title II: Management of Chemicals

and Toxic Substances (Sections
14 to 23)
provides for the regulation of all
chemical substances that may pose
threat to public health and the
environment whether through import,

DENR Administrative Order No. 29, Series of

1992:THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

Title III: Hazardous Waste

Management
(Sections 24 to 31)
provides for the regulation of all
hazardous wastes from
generation, transport, storage, re-

DENR Administrative Order No. 29, Series of

1992:THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

Title III: Hazardous Waste

Management
(Sections 24 to 31)
provides for the regulation of all
hazardous wastes from
generation, transport, storage, re-

 SOURCES OF WASTES:

Households
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry and commerce

Laws
and
Regulations

Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and
Liability Act
Also known as CERCLA or Superfund
provides a Federal "Superfund" to clean
up uncontrolled or abandoned
hazardous-waste sites as well as
accidents, spills, and other emergency
releases of pollutants and contaminants
into the environment.

 Site remediation the process of cleaning

up disposal and accidental spill sites
Two levels of activity of Superfund:
a. Emergency Response initiated at sites
where there are immediate threat to human
health or the environment
b. Long-term Remediation It is done after a
complete site evaluation which determines
if a cleanup is required. It is based on a
Hazard Ranking System (HRS) developed
by the EPA. A site must score over 27.5 on
the HRS.

Toxic Substance Regulations

Toxic Substance Control Act of
1976 (TOSCA)
- empowers EPA to restrict or prohibit
chemicals that cannot be used and
disposed of without undue danger to
human health and environment.

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act of 1972 (FIFRA)
- controls the manufacture and use of
pesticides in a manner similar to that
used by TOSCA for other toxic
substances.

Waste Minimization
- the elimination or reduction of a waste
Two Methods:
a. Recycling reuse of waste product
b. Source Reduction elimination or
reduction of a waste at its source

Treatment
and
Disposal Methods

Precipitation
the most common method for
removing dissolved metals from
wastewater solution containing toxic
metals.
a precipitation reagent is added to
the mixture to convert the dissolved
metals into solid particle form

CHEMICALS USED IN WASTEWATER

TREATMENT
Lime Calcium Oxide (CaO)

 Ferrous Sulfate Fe(SO4 )3

 Alum or Filter Alum

 Ferric Chloride

 Polymer - High molecular weight

compounds (usually synthetic) which
can be anionic, cationic, or nonionic.

Coagulation
used to chemically increase the size
of the particles

During Coagulation:
Negative surface charge of particles
gets neutralized.
Repulsive forces are removed.
Particles agglomerate naturally.

Stokes Law

Stokes Law states that bigger and

denser particles travel and settles
down faster than smaller and less
dense particles, when they fall
through a fluid under gravity.

Flocculation
The process of bringing together the
destabilized of coagulated particles
via coagulation process to form a
larger agglomeration

Filtration
any of various mechanical, physical
or biological operations that separate
solids from fluids (liquidsorgases)
by adding a medium through which
only the fluid can pass

Methods of Filtration:
a. Hot filtrationmethod is mainly used to
separate solids from a hot solution.
b. Cold Filtrationmethod is the use of ice
bath in order to rapidly cool down the
solution to be crystallized
c. Vacuum Filtrationtechnique - The
mixture of solid and liquid is poured
through a filter paper in a Buchner funnel.
The solid is trapped by the filter and the
liquid is drawn through the funnel into the
flask below, by a vacuum.

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidationis thelossofelectronsor
anincreasein oxidation state by
amolecule,atom, orion.
Reductionis thegainof electrons or
adecreasein oxidation state by a
molecule, atom, or ion.

 Oxidizers - Substances that have the

ability tooxidizeother substances

 Reducers - Substances
that have the ability to
reduceother substances

Adsorption Processes
a process where a solid is used for removing a soluble substance from
the water.

The adsorption process takes place in three steps:

Macro transport: The movement of organic material through the macropore system of the active carbon
Micro transport: The movement of organic material through the mesopore and micro-pore system of the active carbon
Sorption: The physical attachment of organic material on the surface of
active carbon in the meso-pores and micro-pores of the active carbon

Landfill Disposal
Landfilling the placement of wastes
into the land under controlled
conditions to minimize their
migration or effect on the
surrounding environment.

Incineration
awaste treatment processthat
involves
thecombustionoforganicsubstance
s contained in waste materials.
Incineration converts the waste
intoash,flue gas, and heat.

Incinerator
a furnace or apparatus for burning
trash, garbage, etc., to ashes

Chemical Fixation
The termchemical fixationimplies
transformation of toxic contaminants
to new, nontoxic forms.

Cement Stabilization
done by mixing pulverized soil and
Portland cement with water and
compacting the mix to attain a
strong material.

Factors Affecting Soil Cement Stabilization

Type of soil
Quantity of cement
Quantity of water
Mixing, compaction and curing
Admixtures

Advantages of
Cement Stabilization

It is widely available.
Cost is relatively low.
It is highly durable.
Soil cement is quite weather resistant and strong.
Granular soils with sufficient fines are ideally suited
for cement stabilization as it requires least amount of
cement.
Soil cement reduces the swelling characteristics of
the soil.
It is commonly used for stabilizing sandy and other
low plasticity soils. Cement interacts with the silt and

Disadvantages of Cement Stabilization

Cracks may form in soil cement.

It is harmful for environment.
It requires extra labor.
The quantity of water must be sufficient
for hydration of cement and making the
mixture workable.