Dasar-dasar

Perkerasan:
Mekanisme Pembebanan, Sistem
Pelapisan dan Pengujian Laboratorium

Konsep Dasar

Konsep Manipulasi Tegangan

>>
Perkerasan
Tanah Dasar

<<

Karakteristik Strength Development

1.

Stress Perubahan Bentuk

Perkerasan Lentur

kelenturan

deformasi

2.

Stress Kekakuan (Kontra Stress)

Perkerasan Kaku/ Perkerasan Lentur yang Kaku

kekakuan

Prinsip Sebaran Tegangan

per Lapisan Struktur Perkerasan

Permukaan (surface
Pondasi (base)

Pondasi B
(subbase)

Tanah Dasar
(subgrade)

awa

Kelompok
Perkerasan Lentur (Pelaksanaan)
1.

3 D mix (Campuran Premix)

- Asphaltic Concrete
- Hot Rolled Asphalt
- Stone Mastic Asphalt

2.

2 D layering
- Conblock
- Mc Adam MAKADAM

Potongan Melintang

Bahu Jalan
Drainase

Lapis Permukaan
Lapis Pondasi
Lapis Pondasi Bawah
Tanah Dasar

Konsep Optimum Moisture Content

Massa Jenis (ton/m3)

rentang
kadar air

Kadar Air (%)

Karakteristik
Campuran

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan

1. Gradasi Menerus
Proporsi

Grafik
Komulatif

Grafik

Ilustrasi Gradasi

Ukuran
Butir

Ilustrasi Setting

- Prinsip Interlocking
- Sifat Kaku
- Kebutuhan Aspal Sedang

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan

2. Gradasi Senjang
Proporsi

Grafik
Komulatif

Grafik

Ukuran
Butir
Ukuran
yang
hilang

Ilustrasi Gradasi

Ilustrasi Setting

- Prinsip Suspensi Mortar

- Sifat Lentur
- Kebutuhan Aspal Tinggi

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan

3. Gradasi Seragam
Proporsi

Grafik
Komulatif

Ukuran
Butir

Grafik

Ilustrasi Setting
Dominasi
Ukuran

Ilustrasi Gradasi

- Prinsip Max Tekstur Makro

- Sifat Kasar
- Kebutuhan Aspal Khusus

Bahan Agregat

Siklus
Batuan

Pemadatan
Sementasi
Kristalisasi
Batuan
Sedimen

Sedimentasi
Pemindahan
(Transport)
Erosi
Pelapukan

Metamorfosis

Batuan
Beku

Batuan
Metamorf

Pendinginan
Pemanasan

Magma

Pelapukan
Sempurna

Tanah

Pemilihan Agregat

Agregat yang akan digunakan sebagai

bahan perkerasan jalan tergantung dari :
tersedianya bahan setempat
mutu bahan
bentuk/jenis konstruksi yang digunakan

Pemeriksaan/penelitian laboratorium
1. Ukuran dan gradasi (size and grading)
2. Kekerasan/keausan (toughness)
3. Ketahanan terhadap pelapukan (soundness)
4. Daya pelekatan terhadap aspal (affinity for
asphalt)
5. Bentuk butir (shape)
6. Susunan/bentuk permukaan (surface texture)
7. Daya absorpsi (absorption)
8. Kebersihan (cleaness)
9. Berat jenis (specific gravity)

Penggolongan Agregat
Berdasarkan Gradasi
a. Agregat bergradasi pekat/rapat (densegraded)
b. Agregat bergradasi renggang/terbuka (open
graded)
c. Agregat bergradasi seragam (single
size/uniform graded)
d. Agregat bergradasi halus (fine
graded)
e. Agregat bergradasi celah (gap- graded)

Contoh Grafik Gradasi

100%
90%
80%
70%

50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0,01

0,1

1
No. Saringan

10

100

% Lolos

60%

Bentuk Agregat

i.Rounded; ii. Irregular; iii. Angular; iv. Flaky;

v. Elongated; vi. Flaky and Elongated

Alat Uji Agregat 1

Aggregate Crushing Machine

Aggregate Impact Machine

Alat Uji Agregat 2

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

Alat Uji Agregat 3

Alat Pengukur Kepipihan Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kelonjongan Agregat

Bahan Aspal

Definisi:

Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is

present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most
commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and
maltenes as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement
amongst chemists regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or
asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of
selected crude oils. Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.

Wikipedia

Asphalt is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by

petroleum refining and containing bitumens as the predominant component.
Bitumen is a generic term for natural or manufactured black or dark-colored
solid, semisolid, or viscous cementitious materials that are composed mainly
of high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. The term includes tars and pitches
derived from coal. Asphalt is used primarily for road construction and roofing
materials due to its remarkable waterproofing and binding properties. The
hard surfaces of roads, for example, depend on the ability of asphalt to
cement together aggregates of stone and sand.

Encyclopedia of Earth

Klasifikasi Aspal
Berdasarkan Sumber Dan Penggunaannya

Aspal Buatan
(petrolueum asphalt)
Asphaltic Base Crude Oli
Parafin Base Crude Oli
Mixed Base Crude Oli

ASPAL
Aspal Alam
(Native Asphalt)
Lake Asphalt (Trinidad Lake)
Rock Asphalt (Perancis,
Swiss, Pulau Buton)

Aspal Keras atau Aspal Panas

(AC, asphalt cement)
Aspal Cair (cut back)
Rapid Curing (AC+benzene)
Medium Curing (AC+kerosene)
Slow Curing (AC+minyak berat)
Aspal Emulsi (AC+air+asam/basa)
Cathionic/Anionic Rapid Setting
Cathionic/Anionic Medium Setting
Cathionic/Anionic Slow Setting

Klasifikasi Aspal
Menurut AASHTO
Nilai Penetrasi
40-50

Berdasarkan Nilai Penetrasi

60-70

85-100

120-150

200-300

min

max

min

max

min

max

Min

max

min

max

Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)

40

50

60

70

85

100

120

150

200

300

Titik Nyala (Cleveland Open), C

232

232

232

218

177

Daktilitas (25C, 5 cm per menit)

100

100

100

100

100

Kelarutan pada trichloroethele, %

99

99

99

99

99

0.8

0.8

1.0

1.3

1.5

Penetrasi setelah kehilangan berat

58

54

50

46

40

Daktilitas setelah kehilangan berat

50

75

100

100

Kehilangan berat, %

Berdasarkan Nilai Viskositas

Nilai Viskositas
AC-2.5

AC-5

AC-10

AC-20

AC-30

AC-40

250 50

500100

1000 200

2000 400

3000600

4000 800

Viskositas, 135C (275F),Cs, Min

125

175

250

300

350

400

Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)

220

140

80

60

50

40

Titik Nyala (C)

163

177

219

232

232

232

Kelarutan pada trichloroethene, %

99.0

99.0

99.0

99.0

99.0

99.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Viskositas, 60C (140F), poises

Kehilangan Berat, %

Penyulingan Aspal Buatan

Skema Analisis

Menentukan Struktur Hidrokarbon Aspal

Pengujian-Pengujian Karakteristik Aspal

1. Pengujian Penetrasi
2. Pengujian Daktilitas
3. Pengujian Titik Lembek
4. Kepekaan Aspal terhadap Perubahan Suhu
5. Pengujian Viskositas
6. Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar
7. Pengujian Berat Jenis
8. Hilang dalam Pemanasan
9. Penyulingan Aspal Cair
10. Kadar Air dalam Minyak Bumi dan Bahan yang Mengandung Bitumen
11. Kelekatan Aspal dalam Batuan

Liquid Limit
Hasil Pengujian Cone

log PEN (dmm)

log PEN = AT + K

log PEN T2
log PEN T1
A

K
T1

T2

T (oC)

Hubungan Suhu dan log Pen Aspal

log Viskositas
(cSt)
log (280 30)
log (170 20)

Suhu pemadatan

Hubungan Suhu dan Viskositas Aspal

Suhu pencampuran

Suhu (oC)

Alat Pengujian Aspal 1

Pengujian Penetrasi

Alat Pengujian Aspal 2

Pengujian Daktilitas Aspal

Cetakan Benda Uji dalam Pengujian Daktilitas

Alat Pengujian Aspal 3

Pengujian Titik Lembek Ring and Ball

Alat Pengujian Aspal 4

Percobaan Titik Nyala dengan Alat Cleveland Open Cup

Alat Pengujian Aspal 4

Percobaan Hilang dalam Pemanasan dengan

Alat Thin Film Oven

Alat Pengujian Aspal 5

Percobaan Penyulingan Aspal Cair

CAMPURAN
AGREGAT DAN ASPAL

Kinerja Campuran
Sifat-sifat penting yang harus dimiliki oleh suatu
campuran aspal dan agregat diantaranya adalah :
A. Stabilitas
B. Fleksibilitas
C. Durabilitas
D. Workabilitas
E. Ekonomis

Karakteristik Campuran dan Kadar Aspal 1

Tabel Untuk Menentukan Kadar Aspal

Optimum (Optimum Bitumen Content)
Specification
(Bina Marga)
Stability (kg)
Flow (mm)
MQ (kg/mm)
VIM (%)

min 550
2.0 - 4.0
200 - 350
3-5

Bitumen Content (%)

min
max
5%
5%
5%
7%

5%

6%

7%

min 15.0

5%

9%

5%

6%

7%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

7%

8%

9%

7%

8%

9%

9%
7%
9%
9%
5%

VMA (%)

8%

6%

9%
Optimum Bitumen Content
7%

Kerusakan Perkerasan
(Perkerasan Lentur)

Jenis Kerusakan Utama

Failure Criteria
Retak yang dimulai dari batas lapisan
bituminous dan granular, akibat dilampauinya
batas regangan horisontal lapisan bituminous.
Regangan ini terjadi akibat perilaku yang
berbeda antar lapisan tersebut dalam
menerima beban (lalu lintas atau lingkungan)
(Croney, 1992)

Penurunan permanen yang terjadi pada

permukaan tanah dasar, akibat dilampauinya
batas regangan vertikal (daya dukung) tanah
dasar. Regangan ini terjadi karena kekakuan
lapis permukaan tidak dapat menyebarkan
beban (tegangan) pada tingkat yang masih
bisa diterima tanah dasar (Croney, 1992)

Lapis
Bituminous

h
Lapis Granular

Permukaan
Pondasi
Pondasi
Bawah

Tanah Dasar

Kerusakan Perkerasan
(Perkerasan Kaku)

Ilustrasi Jenis Kerusakan (1)

Kerusakan no.1: Blownup

Kerusakan no.2: Pecah Sudut

Kerusakan no.3: Retak Durabilitas

Kerusakan no.4: Faulting

Ilustrasi Jenis Kerusakan (2)

Kerusakan no.5: Sistem Joint

Kerusakan no.7: Popouts

Kerusakan no.6: Retak Memanjang

Kerusakan no.8: Pumping

Ilustrasi Jenis Kerusakan (3)

Kerusakan no.9: Punchout

Kerusakan no.10: Tambalan

Kerusakan no.11: Polished Aggregate

Kerusakan no.12: Agregat Reaktif

Ilustrasi Jenis Kerusakan (4)

Kerusakan no.13: Retak Susut

Kerusakan no.14: Lepasan

Penyelidikan
Kondisi Perkerasan

Evaluasi Kondisi Perkerasan 1

Structural Capacity
Pengukuran Lendutan

Riding Comfort
Pengukuran Ketidakrataan Permukaan
(Roughness)

Pavement Distress
Pengukuran Kerusakan Permukaan

Skid Resistance
Pengukuran Kekesatan

Evaluasi Kondisi Perkerasan 2

Lendutan (Deflection)

True Deflection Falling Weight Deflectometer

Rebound Deflection
Benkelman Beam

Ketidakrataan Permukaan (Roughness)

NAASRA
Bump Integrator

Alur dan Retak (Rutting and Cracking)

Straight Edge
Frame

Kekesatan (Skid Resistance)

Mu meter
BPT & Sandpatch

Alat National Association of

Australian State Road Authorities (NAASRA)
0

Counter

Rantai

Gandar

K e r a t a a n ( m /k m )

Ban

Skema Alat

15

10

0
0

10

15

Km - km

Format Data

20

25

30

Alat Bump Integrator

Kendaraan Penarik

Alat Bump Integrator

Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD)

L e n d u ta n (m m )

Skema Alat

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

10

15

Km - k m

20

25

30

Format Data

Laser Profilometer

British Pendulum Tester (BPT)

Alat/Pendekatan Sand Patch

Catatan: Kedalaman Tekstur Makro = Volume Pasir / Area Pasir

Alat
Mu Meter

Skema Alat

K e k e s a ta n

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0

10

15

Km - Km

20

25

30

Format Data

Metoda Perbaikan

Masalah, Penyebab dan Perbaikan 1

PROBLEM

PROBABLE CAUSE

REPAIR

Crack and joint

sealer missing or
not bonded to
slabs

Faces of joints (cracks) not clean when filled;

incorrect application temperature of sealer;
wrong kind of seal material; improper joint
width.

Remove old material sealer if

extensive areas affected;
sandblast joints and cracks;
reseal properly.

Random cracking

Uncontrolled shrinkage (improper joint

spacing); overstressed slabs; slab support
lost; subgrade settlement; bitumen too hard
or overheated in mix.

Seal newly formed cracks;

replace subbase to establish
support; if pavement being
overloaded, probably will require
overlay.

Surface scaling or
breakup

Rigid Pavement - Overworked finishing

operation; inadequate curing.
Flexible Pavement - Overheated binder;
poor aggregate gradation; insufficient
binder; incorrect binder or aggregate; fuel
spillage, stripping.

Rigid Pavement - Remove and

replace panel; resurface with
thin bonded concrete;
resurface area with a
bituminous concrete.
Flexible Pavement - Apply seal
coat; overlay.

Joint (1) faulting

or (2)
spalling

(1) Variable support for un-bonded slabs; loss

of load-transfer capability.
(2) Incompressible matter in joint spaces;
excessive joint finishing.

(1) Remove problem slab;

replace slab (dowel to
existing pavement).
(2) Clean joint; refill with
bituminous-sand mix; reseal.

Masalah, Penyebab dan Perbaikan 2

PROBLEM

PROBABLE CAUSE

REPAIR

Pumping

Saturated pavement foundation; lack of

subbase.

Prevent entrance of water

(correct the drainage problem);
pump slurry under slabs to
reseal; replace slabs and slab
foundation; install drainage.

Surface
irregularities
(rutting,
washboarding,
birdbaths,
undulations)

Rigid Pavement - Poor placing control;

broken slabs; poor finishing.
Flexible Pavement Non-uniform settlement
from inadequate compaction of pavement
components or fill; unstable mix (poor
aggregate gradation, too rich, etc.); poor
laying control.

Rigid Pavement - Patch local

areas, or overlay if
widespread.
Flexible Pavement - Patch local
areas; apply leveling course;
roto-mill.

Bleeding of
bituminous binder

Too much binder in mix (overly rich mix).

Scrape off excess material; blot

with sand. NOTE: Bleeding is
usually an indication that other
surface deformities (rutting,
washboarding, etc.) will occur.

Potholes

Water entering pavement structures;

segregation in base course material.

Remove and replace base (and

subbase if required); replace
surface and seal.

Masalah, Penyebab dan Perbaikan 3

PROBLEM

PROBABLE CAUSE

REPAIR

Oxidation of
bituminous binder

Lack of timely seal coat; binder overheated in

mixing; wrong grade of asphalt for climate.

Apply seal coat; heater planer;

resurface.

Map cracking,
crazing, alligator
cracking

Rigid Pavement - Excessive surface

finishing; Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity.
Flexible Pavement - Overload; oxidized
binder; underdesigned surface course (too
thin).

Rigid Pavement - If surface

deforms or breaks,
resurface, grind.
Flexible Pavement - Overlay;
apply seal coat.

Popouts at joints

Dowel misaligned.

Fill popout hole with bituminous

concrete or bituminous sand mix
(if recurring, may require
replacement of slabs).

Slab blowup

Incompressible material in joints preventing

slab from expanding; Alkali-Aggregate
Reactivity.

Replace slab in blowup area;

clean and reseal joints.

Slipperiness

Rigid Pavement - Improper finish (too

smooth); improper type of curing
membrane; excessive curing membrane;
polished aggregate, rubber deposits.
Flexible Pavement - Overly rich mix; poorly
designed mix; polished aggregate;
improperly applied seal coat; wrong kind
of seal coat; rubber deposits.

Rigid Pavement - If finish too

smooth, resurfacing required
to provide texture; wire
broom to remove curing
membrane; grooving;
remove rubber.
Flexible Pavement - Apply
textured seal coat; grooving;
remove rubber.

Daur Ulang
Perkerasan

Perkerasan Daur-ulang

Perbaikan terhadap struktur perkerasan lentur pada prinsipnya

mencakup: pelapisan ulang (overlaying), daur-ulang (recycling)
dan rekonstruksi (reconstruction). Material dari perkerasan yang
rusak (deteriorated) yang dikenal sebagai Perkerasan Aspal yang
Diundang Kembali atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP),
sebagian atau seluruhnya digunakan pada konstruksi baru.
Digelar &
dipadatkan
+
Diambil
RAPMaterial
Segar
Aspal
+
Agregat

1: Eksisting

2: Pengambilan 3: Pencampuran
4: Penghamparan Kemba

Jenis Proses Daur-ulang

Hot in-Place Recycling

(Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi)
Cold in Place Recycling
(Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi)
Hot Central Plant Recycling
(Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang)
Cold Central Plant Recycling
(Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang)

Hot in-Place Recycling

Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi

Sumber: Lebuhraya Malaysia (2005)

Cold in-Place Recycling

Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi

Sumber: EDP Consultant, USA (2006)

Hot Central Plant Recycling

Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang

Main Unit

Surge
Hoppe
r

RAP
Feeding
Drum
Mixer

Sumber: Fujian South Highway Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan (2006)

Cold Central Plant Recycling

Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang

Sumber: Public Work Deparment, Malaysia (2005)

Kelebihan Perkerasan Daur-ulang

Mempersingkat gangguan yang dirasakan

pengguna
Konservasi kebutuhan energi
Preservasi kondisi lingkungan
Memperkecil biaya konstruksi
Konservasi kebutuhan material dasar
(agregat dan aspal)
Preservasi geometri perkerasan eksisting

SELESAI
Cheeers.!!