Purpose of Drawings

Drawings created by Project Engineering

Design Group ( the group of people that
design parts) have several purposes:
To describe parts exactly
To tell manufacturing how to fabricate,
assemble, and install parts properly
To make sure that parts can be fabricated,
assembled, or installed exactly the same
each time
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To tell the material department what materials and

parts to order
To help Boeing keep an accurate, permanent
record of all work completed.
To specify tolerances so manufacturing and
inspection can make sure parts meet requirements
To list specifications for testing parts (what and
how to test)
To supply airlines with information for customer
support

Production drawings are made

up of:

Picture Sheet
Part List
Reference Information

Picture Sheets
The picture sheet show:
What the parts look like
The size and shape of parts
How parts and assemblies fit together
Where the parts and assemblies are
located (installed).
Picture sheets contain dimensions,
symbols, notes, and tolerances.

Figure 1.1 Picture sheet

Part List
The part list (PL) provides the following :
Part number
Part name (nomenclature/description)
Quantity required
Where to find the part on the picture sheet (zone code)
Where the drawings final products will be used (the next
assembly).
Manufacturing data
Flagnotes and general notes
Standard drawing notes
Revision section.

Figure 1.2 Parts List

Engineering Standards
Many additional materials are required to
support the Boeing drawing system. These
materials called engineering standards are
contained in engineering standards manuals.
They control how parts are designed and made.
Drawings show what to fabricate, assemble, or
install and the engineering standards tell how it
must be done.
Information that is the same for many drawings
is provided in these engineering standards.

Boeing engineering standards include:

D4900 Boeing Drafting Standards
Standards for making the drawing. If everyone
follows these standards, all drawings will be
completed without variations.
D-18888-1 Boeing Process Specifications
To1erances and how to perform certain
operations, such as installing nuts, bolts, and
rivets.

D-18888-3 Boeing Material Standards

Specifications and tolerances for purchased material
such as sheet aluminum, paints, seat fabrics, and
carpets.
D-590 Boeing Parts Standards
Sizes and tolerances for purchased parts such as
rivets, nuts, bolts, bearings, and gaskets.
D-5000 Boeing Design Standards
Information on stress tolerances of materials,
compatibility of materials, and other engineering
requirements.

Engineering standards and other reference

documents can be found in many places. Some of
those places are:
PSDS ( using REDARS terminals)
Microfilm files
Technical libraries
Design Engineering groups
Factory areas
Quality Assurance groups
manufacturing Engineering groups

Typically, all aircraft factories have

a drawing room manual that
details all lines, symbols, and
conventions used by that company.
However, in an effort to establish
an industry standard, applications
for aircraft drawings have been
standardized.

TYPES OF DRAWINGS

As an aircraft technician there are

several types of drawings and
graphic representations you must
become familiar with. Each type of
drawing is designated to transmit a
certain piece of information. The
most common type of drawing you
will use is the working drawing.

Type of Drawings

Three classes of working drawings are:

Assembly Drawing
Installation Drawing
Detail Drawing
Other types of drawings include sectional
drawings, exploded view drawings, block
diagrams, logic flowcharts, electrical wiring
diagrams, pictorial diagrams, and schematic
diagrams. Each type of drawing is designed
to transmit a certain type of information.

Assembly drawing

What is Assembly Drawing ?

Assembly drawings show a number of
detail parts or sub-assemblies that are
joined together to form a specific
component or machine.
Cannot tell what the inside of the part
looks like from the view.
Show overall arrangement clearly, but
not the details and the dimensions.
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Assembly information includes:

List of required components.

How parts fit together.
Part numbering and marking instructions.
Fastening methods.
Protective finish requirements.
Process specifications and standards.
Next higher drawing number (where the
assembly will be used).

Assembly Drawing

Installation Drawing

What is Installation Drawing ?

Drawing shows how item can / has / will be
install.
Where parts and assemblies will be located in
the airplane, can also show assembly and
detail part information.
This type of drawing shows the general
arrangement or position of parts with respect
to an aircraft and provides the information
needed to install them.
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Installation information includes:

List of required components

Location dimensions ( in reference
to airplane structure)
Part number and affectivity
Fastening methods
Process specifications and
standards

Installation drawings are easily

recognized by their titles. If the word
installation or the abbreviation INSTL
appears in the title, it is an installation
drawing.
Examples of installation drawing titles
are:
BULKHEAD INSTALLATION-BODY STATION 311
RIB INSTL-WING STATION INSPAR RIB NO.29

The list of items for installation drawings is

almost identical to the list of items for
assembly drawings. The major difference
between an assembly and installation
drawing is the location of parts
An assembly drawing describes how parts
relate to each other
An installation drawing describes a location
Comparison
of assembly
installation
of
parts or assemblies
in theand
airplane.

Drawings

Installation Drawing

Installation Drawing

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Installation Drawing

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Detail Drawing

What is Detail Drawing ?

A detail drawing shows all information necessary
to determine the final form or to purchase a
part,
A detail part is individual and unique. In a detail
drawing of a part, the picture sheet and part list
together give complete manufacturing data
needed to fabricate each part. A detail drawing
may contain single or multiple parts, but each
part remains separate and is not joined together.
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The
detail
in the
Size and
shapeinformation
description
detail
Tolerance
informationincludes:
drawing

Stock size and material requirements

Heat treating requirements
Machine finish requirements
Part numbering and marking instructions
Hole locations
Protective finish
Process specifications and standards

Detail Drawing

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Detail Drawing

15

16

Pictorial View

1
2

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Methods of Illustration

Orthographic View / Projection /

Drawing.

Auxiliary View / Drawing.

Isometric View / Drawing.
Oblique View / Drawing.
Perspective View / Drawing.

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Orthographic view

Several views can be combined on

a single drawing using one of the
two available projection systems,
first angle, and third angle
projection.

19

Orthographic view

20

Orthographic view

21

Orthographic view

22

Orthographic view

23

Orthographic view

Symbol

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Orthographic view

Location
1st Angle

FRONT

TOP

SIDE

3rd Angle

TOP

FRONT

SIDE

First angle

Third angle

Auxiliary Views

Auxiliary views are often

necessary to show the true
shape and length of inclined
surfaces.
Used in cases where
features are not parallel to
the principal planes of
projection.

Auxiliary Views Cont.

Auxiliary Projection

Auxiliary Views Cont.

Principle Auxiliary View

Arrangement
TOP
AU
LI
XI
Y
AR

RIGHT
SIDE
FRONT

Need for Auxiliary Views

Need for Auxiliary Views Cont.

Isometric View

This is one of a family of threedimensional views called pictorial

drawings.
In an isometric drawing, the object's
vertical lines are drawn vertically,
The horizontal lines in the width and
depth planes are shown at 30
degrees to the horizontal.
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Continue.

When drawn under these guidelines,

the lines parallel to these three axes
are at their true (scale) lengths.
Lines that are not parallel to these
axes will not be of their true length.
The representation of the object in
figure 2 is called an isometric
drawing.

Isometric View

Figure 2 An Isometric
Drawing

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Isometric View

Figure 2 An Isometric Drawing / view with dimensions

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Oblique View

Oblique drawings have a set of 45

lines and a set of horizontal lines
parallel to the drawing plane.
Front of the object identical to the
front view of an orthographic
drawing.
Depth axis drawing often used
about 30 degree.
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Oblique View

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'Oblique' Drawing

'Cabinet Oblique and 'Cavalier Oblique'

One remaining drawing conventions is Oblique

drawing .
In this convention the angles used are 45
degrees and 90 degrees.
The only difference between the two styles is in the
scale of the dimension doing away from the viewer.
In Cabinet oblique the scale (depth) is halved whilst in
Cavalier oblique the depth scale is the same as in the
X and Y directions.

Cavalier Oblique

It is hard to believe their lines running

away from the viewer in the Cavalier
Oblique view on the left are actually
the same length as the vertical and
horizontal lines.

Cabinet Oblique

The Cabinet drawing shown on the right here actually

looks far more realistic despite ( actually because of )
the half scale lines running away from the viewer .
We are all used to seeing perpective having aneffect
on object we view everyday life and expect distances
to look less in this way.

Perspective View

Perspective Drawing
Object seen for points from eyes:

One point perspective

Two point perspective

Is used when you need to see an object similar to

the way of human eye sees.
Ray of an object meet at a distance point on the
horizon referred to as the vanishing point.
The rays that project from the drawing intersect at a
vanishing point on the horizon.
Not generally used in aircraft drawings.

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Perspective View

One point perspective

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Perspective View

Two point perspective

V.P.

V.P.

Horizon Line

F
32

Perspective View

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SECTIONAL DRAWING

Cross-Sectional Views
A cross-sectional view portrays a cutaway portion of the object and is
another way to show hidden
components in a device.

The lines are thin and are usually drawn

at a 45-degree angle to the major
outline of the object.

SECTIONAL DRAWING

SECTIONAL DRAWING

Section
A-A

SECTIONAL DRAWING

Half-Sections
A half-section is a view of an object
showing one-half of the view in
section

Half-Sections

EXPLODED VIEWS

Exploded views are often a good way of

showing detail.
The animation below shows the pens
being disassembled and then
reassembled. In an exploded drawing the
pens would only be drawn with all the
parts disassembled (taken apart).
It is important to recognise that all the
parts are in line with each other, drawn
usually along a centre line which is drawn
through the entire centre of the design.

EXPLODED VIEWS

Block Diagram

A block diagram is a pictorial

representation of some process or model of
a complex system.
Geometric shapes (e.g. rectangles, circles
etc.) are often used in the diagram to aid
interpretation and clarify meaning of the
process or model. The geometric shapes
are connected by lines to indicate
association and direction/order of traversal.

Block Diagram

LOGIC FLOWCHARTS

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

modelling is a top-down
decomposition technique which
results in Process Descriptions

LOGIC FLOWCHARTS

LOGIC FLOWCHARTS

SCHEMATIC DRAWING

What is Schematic Drawing ?

schematic drawing
- Drawing of an electrical or mechanical
system

schematic diagram
- a drawing intended to explain how something
works; a drawing showing the relation between
the parts

SCHEMATIC DRAWING

schematic diagram

SCHEMATIC DRAWING

wiring diagram - a schematic drawing of the

wiring
of an electrical system

WIRING DIAGRAM

Pictorial Diagram

The simplest of all diagrams is the

pictorial diagram.
It shows a picture or sketch of the various
components of a specific system and the
wiring between these components.
This simplified diagram provides the
means to readily identify the components
of a system, even if you are not familiar
with their physical appearance.

Pictorial Diagram

This type of diagram shows the various components

without regard to their physical location, how the wiring
is marked, or how the wiring is routed.
It does, however, show you the sequence in which the
components are connected.
Figure 3-6 is a pictorial diagram of an automobile
starting and ignition system.
If you are not already familiar with the components of
this system, study the diagram.
You should then be able to recognize the physical
appearance of each component and its interconnections
with the other components of the system.
Figure 3-6.Pictorial diagram of automotive
starter and ignition systems.

Pictorial Diagram

Pictorial Diagram

Common features of Engineering Drawings :

Drawings convey the following critical information
Geometry
The shape of the object, represented as views,
how the object will look when it is viewed from various standard
directions, such as front, top, side, etc.

Dimensions The size of the object is captured in accepted units.

Tolerances
The allowable variations for each dimensions.

Material
Represents what the item is made of.

Finish

Specifies the surface quality of the item, functional

Lines Styles and Types

Visible

are continuous lines used to depict edges directly

visible from a particular angle.
Hidden
are short-dashed lines that may be used to represent
edges that are not directly visible.
Center
are alternately long- and short-dashed lines that
may be used to represent the axes of circular features.
Cutting plane are thin, medium-dashed lines, or thick alternately
long-and double short-dashed that may be used to
define sections for section views.

Section

are thin lines in a parallel pattern used to indicate

surfaces in section views resulting from "cutting.
Section lines are commonly referred to as
"cross-hatching.