9 outline
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
cell
covers geographical
region
base station (BS)
analogous to 802.11 AP
mobile users attach
to network through BS
air-interface:
physical and link layer
protocol between
mobile and BS
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public telephone
network, and
Internet
Mobile
Switching
Center
wired network
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-2
time slots
america)
GSM (global system for mobile communications):
combined FDMA/TDMA
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-7
What is mobility?
spectrum of mobility, from the
network perspective:
no mobility
high mobility
Mobility: Vocabulary
home network: permanent
home of mobile
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
Permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
wide area
network
correspondent
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
wide area
network
correspondent: wants
to communicate with
mobile
I wonder where
Alice moved to?
books?
call her parents?
expect her to let you
know where he/she is?
Mobility: approaches
Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual
routing table exchange.
routing tables indicate where each mobile located
no changes to end-systems
Let end-systems handle it:
indirect routing: communication from
correspondent to mobile goes through home agent,
then forwarded to remote
direct routing: correspondent gets foreign
address of mobile, sends directly to mobile
Mobility: approaches
Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
not
address of mobile-nodes-in-residence
via usual
scalable
routing table exchange.
to millions of
routing tables indicate where each mobile located
mobiles
no changes to end-systems
Let end-systems handle it:
indirect routing: communication from
correspondent to mobile goes through home agent,
then forwarded to remote
direct routing: correspondent gets foreign
address of mobile, sends directly to mobile
Mobility: registration
visited network
home network
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent on
entering visited
network
End result:
Foreign agent knows about mobile
Home agent knows location of mobile
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-
home
network
visited
network
3
wide area
network
correspondent
addresses packets
using home address
of mobile
4
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
network
foreign agent
receives packets,
forwards to mobile
home
network
4
wide area
network
2
correspondent
requests, receives
foreign address of
mobile
visited
network
4
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
wide area
network
anchor
foreign
agent
2
4
5
correspondent
correspondent
agent
3
new foreign
agent
new
foreign
network
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-
Mobile IP
RFC 3220
has many features weve seen:
home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent
registration, care-of-addresses, encapsulation
(packet-within-a-packet)
three components to standard:
dest: 128.119.40.186
dest: 128.119.40.186
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
dest: 128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
packet sent by
correspondent
24
checksum
=9
code = 0
=9
16
standard
ICMP fields
router address
type = 16
length
registration lifetime
sequence #
RBHFMGV
bits
reserved
0 or more care-ofaddresses
mobility agent
advertisement
extension
time
correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
HLR
2
home MSC consults HLR,
gets roaming number of
mobile in visited network
correspondent
home
Mobile
Switching
Center
1
VLR
3
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public
switched
telephone
network
call routed
to home network
mobile
user
visited
network
VLR Mobile
Switching
Center
old
routing
old BSS
new
routing
new BSS
VLR Mobile
Switching
Center 2
1
8
old BSS
7
3
6
new BSS
home network
correspondent
Home
MSC
anchor MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
home network
correspondent
Home
MSC
anchor MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
Mobile IP element
Home system
Home network
Gateway Mobile
Switching Center, or
home MSC. Home
Location Register
(HLR)
Home agent
Visited System
Visited Mobile
services Switching
Center.
Visitor Location
Record (VLR)
Mobile Station
Roaming Number
(MSRN), or roaming
number
Care-ofaddress
Mobility Summary
Mobility
principles: addressing,
routing to mobile users
case studies
mobile IP
mobility in GSM
impact on higher-layer
protocols