VENTILATION

Definition
The causing of air movement to create
air changes
The process by which fresh air is

introduced and contaminated air is

removed from an occupied space is
termed ventilation.

Need
5m3 of air inhaled in air for sedentary
occupation

VENTILATION
Purpose
To remove foul air necessary for human survival

To provide a continuous supply of oxygen necessary for

human existence.

To remove the products of respiration and occupation.

To remove contaminants such as:

- water vapour heat and smells from cooking
- gases and vapours from industrial processes

VENTILATION
Ventilation may be required in buildings

which have :- a high heat gain

- high internal temperature.

The heat gain may be from :-

- solar radiation
- internal gains such as people, lights and
electrical appliances

Some typical heat gains in a room.

PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION
Air movement

Some degree of air movement is essential for

feelings of freshness and comfort
Air movement

Desirable speeds vary with temperature and

use of
building

PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION
Fumes, smells, products of combustion

Removed by extraction at source by placing

hoods or extracts to capture the fumes as
soon as they are emitted
e.g hood at kitchen
Bacteria

Special precautions maybe required. Use of

especially
high air changes rates and minimization or
avoidance of
circulation
e.g hospital room, operation room, laboratory

PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION
Excess heat

High rates of ventilation may be used to remove excess heat

For radiant heat (e.g lighting), need to extract air at source

lighting

Vent

Relative Humidity

30% to 70% relative humidity acceptable for health and

comfort.
Reduce high levels of relative humidity is to increase
ventilation rates

VENTILATION SYSTEMS
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Combination of Natural & Mechanical Ventilation

Natural Ventilation
Utilizing openable windows, air bricks and doorways
Depends on :-

- wind pressure
- stacks effects
- combination of both

Natural Ventilation
Wind pressure

cause a positive pressure to act on the

leeward side

Air outlet
Positive
pressure zone

Suction zone

Air inlet

Natural Ventilation
Stack effect
created by the difference in temperature between
internal air and external air
the warmer less dense air inside is displaced by
the cooler dense air from outside
Roof extract ventilation

Warm air stack

Fresh air inlet

radiator

Natural Ventilation
ADVANTAGES
Economic
Save space
No complicated
installation needed

DISADVANTAGES
It cannot ensure a
specified air change
It is not possible to filter

the air before it enter the

building

If the air inside and outside

is the same temperature

and there is no wind
natural ventilation will be
non-existent.

Mechanical Ventilation
Employ an electrically fan to provide

the necessary air movement.

Ensure a specified air change and the

air under fan pressure can be forced

through filters.

The aim of a mechanical ventilating

system is to induce the necessary air

change without discomfort

Mechanical Ventilation
Removal by extract fan
Air discharged from an outlet under

pressure from a supply fan will enter the

rooms as an air stream; it will have
direction and energy
The direction and shape of the air stream

can be controlled by blades at the inlet grill

The distance travelled will depend on

volume and velocity at point of discharge

Mechanical Ventilation
Removal by extract fan(contd)
Need to consider-noise level, to

prevent unpleasant conditions for

people close to point of entry

Does not create streams in the room,

taking the air evenly from the whole

area

Extract grills are generally placed at

low level

REASON FOR MECHANICAL

VENTILATION

Internal rooms
1

2
3

Large closely populated rooms

-more than 50 people

Room where volume per occupant is too low for

efficient natural ventilation.

REASON FOR MECHANICAL

VENTILATION
Where close control of environment is required
Where natural ventilation is impossible as

windows cannot be opened because of

external atmospheric population or noise.
In tall building where wind and stack effects

would render natural ventilation impracticable

METHOD OF MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
1. Mechanical extract with natural inlet

2. Mechanical inlet with natural extract

3. Mechanical inlet and extract

MECHANICAL EXTRACT WITH

NATURAL INLET
Mechanical extract fans in windows /roofs

complete with ducted system where the air is

to be discharged away from the occupied space
Slight reduction in air static pressure is caused
within the building and external air flows inward
Eg: kitchen, toilet

MECHANICAL EXTRACT WITH

NATURAL INLET

MECHANICAL EXTRACT WITH

NATURAL INLET

MECHANICAL INLET WITH

NATURAL EXTRACT
Air blown into a building through a fan

conductor or ducted
The air leaks out of the building through

opening, permanent or bricks or louvers.

e.g underground boiler plant room,factories

MECHANICAL INLET WITH

NATURAL EXTRACT

MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT

When a building is to be seated from the

external environment
Then a full air conditioning system is used

MECHANICAL INLET &

EXTRACT

MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT

TYPE OF FANS IN MECHANICAL

VENTILATION
Propeller
Axial
Centrifugal
Several types of fans, which differ

in the manner they generate an

accelerated air-flow, and the
degree of air pressure that can be
generated

PROPELLAR FANS
Propeller fans have a number of curved

blades mounted radically on the spindle of

an electric driving motor.
The

blades revolve within a circular

opening and their curved shape induces a
flow of air along the axis of the spindle.
This type of fan will generate very little

pressure and is usually applied to free air

conditions,
or
in
cases
where
the
resistance to air flow is small.

PROPELLAR FANS
Usually fixed as extract through walls, roof, etc.,

where the fan draws direct from the room and

discharges through a cowl. It operates quietly
only at the lowest pressure.

Does not create much air pressure and has

limited effect ductwork

Ideal for use at air openings in windows and wall

AXIAL FANS
1. The components of this type of fan are fixed in

a similar position as the propeller type fan, but

the number of blades are more usually about
8. The blades are aerofoil sections set in a
hub, the blades being short.
2. These type of fans can generate a higher

pressure that the propeller fan. They can be

placed in a series to create even greater
pressures.
3. They have the advantage of saving in power,

and are more convenient as they can be

incorporated into the ducting itself.

AXIAL FANS
4. When used in the higher speeds, they cause
noise and may be objectionable, unless
acoustic precautions are taken, especially
when a low level sound is required.
5. Can develop high pressure and is used for
moving air through long sections of
ductwork
6. The fan is integral with the run of ducting
and does not require a base

CENTRIFUGAL FANS
1. Consist of a multibladed impeller mounted

on a spindle similar to a paddle wheel.

2. Air enters the fan suction axially with the

shaft into the centre of the impeller. It then

flows between the blades and impelled by
centrifugal force into the ducting, the
impeller is connected to the fan shaft, and
this shaft is driven by belt on pulleys, giving
a number of different speeds.

CENTRIFUGAL FANS
3. Centrifugal
fans
make
little
noise,
compared with the axial type, and are
usually used for ventilating purposes
because of this.
4. Can produce high pressure and high capacity
of air volumes.
5. Most suited for larger installation such as air
conditioning system.
6. It has various types of impeller

TQ