TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Literature Review
Research Gap
Research Objective
Conceptual Framework
Research Hypothesis
Research Methodology
Pilot study
Conclusion
References

INTRODUCTION
Employment It refers to a situation in which every able bodied person
who is willing to work at the prevailing rate of wages is, in fact,
employed (J.Singh article on economy).On the other side of
employment rests the unemployment which means that individuals
searching for different jobs at various wage rates or market competitive
rates.
Youth unemployment is the unemployment of young people define by
the united nation as 14- 28 years old. Every year many new graduates
are added into the labor force but few of them get very good jobs; some
other get a reasonable one but many keep on looking for a jobs for a long
time.
Nowadays Unemployment is a major issue in Pakistan especially in
rural areas like Mirpurkhas Region. Government is taking initiative for
dealing with this issue and creating employment opportunities for those
individual who are jobless.

INTRODUCTION (continued)
Unemployment is a genuine matter for causing a perpetual unrest in a
society as it can yield decimating impact on financial welfare, wrong
doing and disintegration of human Capital. Hypothetically, a high rate of
improper implementation of government regulations may increase
unemployment. Numerous studies have been conducted to discover the
relationship between lack of opportunities and Unemployment in urban
areas.
Youth unemployment is challenging issue in many developing and
transitional countries. The youth unemployment rate is usually two to
three times that of adult employment rate.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Investigate that unemployment relies upon occupation offer and acceptance of job.
The employment offer relies on aptitudes of work, qualification, and work experience
Mortensen (2011) and Lippman and McCall (2012)

Stated that after world war phase translated the increment in real wages in
lengthening of unemployment spells, a 1 percent rise in real wage resulted in 2 to 5
percent increase in duration of unemployment. Andrews and Nickel (2013)

Explored that a bulk of educated unemployed falling below the age of 30 in Pakistan.
One perception is that the young people are more probable of quitting their jobs
voluntarily. Andrews and Nickel (2012)

Disclose the low quality of human resource responsible for unemployment.

Chaudhry and Hamid (2014)

Empirically examined that various determinants of Unemployment

Analysis reveals that the educated female sector is being affected than
that of male counterparts by the transition to a private sector
economy. The female have some problem to enter in the job market,
especially in private sector Assaad et al. (2014)

Reported that the main reason of low labor force participation rate

among female in Pakistan is the social attitude Naqvi and Lubna

(2012)

Worked on determinants of unemployment in Pakistan. He analyzes

the statistical relationship between unemployment, population growth
and real growth rate of GDP. There is a positive relationship between
unemployment and population and an inverse relationship between
unemployment and GDP Kalim (2012)

Investigated that women work at home and found that at every age
between 15-24, women work more hours than men but their
work is largely unpaid and hidden. Sathar (2015)

LITERATURE REVIEW(continue)

Suggested that youth unemployment appears to be an urban phenomenon as

compared to rural areas due to disguised unemployment in rural areas of Pakistan.
Akhtar and Lubna (2015)

Relationship between unemployment & population is positive while Inflation &

FDI have a negative relationship with unemployment. Results also show that there
is tradeoff between unemployment & inflation in Pakistan. Dhushyanth (2010)

Analyze that the high growth rate of population, increases in nominal wages and

increase in the supply side of labor force are the main determinants of
unemployment Dhushyanth (2015)
Study reported that professional degree holders and higher education degree

holders face less unemployment duration than general education and low degree
holders respectively. Yousaf (2014)

Investigation shows that the informed female division is being influenced than
that of male partners by the move to a private economy sector. Maqbool, and
Sattarand Bhalli, (2015)

RESEARCH GAP
Unemployment is a major issue of our country from previous literature
review it has been observed that the research mostly done in urban areas .
This research study will focus on the said issue in rural areas particularly
in Mirpurkhas Region. This study will provide the roadmap to find
proper employment to youth of Rural areas of Mirpurkhas region.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To determine and understand the effect of inadequacy of quality

education on youth unemployment at region based.

To observe and analyze the impact of economic condition on youth

unemployment.
To analyze and estimate the lack of experience on youth

unemployment.
To explore and estimate that

lack of

proper skills on youth

unemployment.
To test and survey the consequences of policies and procedure of

government regarding youth unemployment.

To examine the effect of behavior of people regarding unemployment
To know

the lack of
unemployment

opportunities and

their impact on youth

Conceptual Framework

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1: Inadequacy of quality of education system will have a positive

impact on youth unemployment.

H2: Inappropriate regulation of government sector will have positive

relation with youth unemployment.

H3: Lack of opportunity will have positive relation with youth

unemployment
H4: Behavior of people will have positive relation with youth

unemployment
H5: Lack of proper skill will have positive impact on youth

unemployment
H6: Lack of experience will have positive relation on youth

unemployment.
.H7: Economic condition will have positive influence with youth

unemployment. Economic conditions include inflation and recession.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Method of Data Collection
The research study based on mix research methodology. Data will be
collected from primary and secondary sources. In primary, data collected
through survey method. In survey questionnaire method Likert scale will
be applied . In Secondary sources data will be collected from bureau of
statistics, Sindh education foundation, different research articles and
reports.
Sampling Technique
Convenience non probability sampling method will be used to collect the
data from respondents.
Sample Size
Sample is determined based on the formula from unknown papulation
(See Appendix )
Therefore sample for present study based upon KREJCIE and

MORGAN (1976)and Chin (1998)will be at least 384

Variables studied
Independent variable
Inadequacy of Quality of Education (QE)
Economic condition(EC)
Lack of proper skills (PS)
Lack of experience (LE)
Behavior of people (BP)
Lack of opportunity (LO)
Improper government Regulation (RG)
Dependent variable
Youth Unemployment (YU)
Statistical Technique
In order to find the relationship between dependent variable and
independent variable linear regression analysis will be used.
Data Analysis Software:
SPSS 20.0(Statistical package for social science)

Pilot Study
Before proceeding towards the survey questionnaire the pilot test was

conducted to checkout the validity and Reliability of the test.

Reliability:
The word reliability is most often used for evaluating the consistency between
number of items measuring single variable. (Hair et al., 2006; Robinson et al.,
1991).
The reason behind selecting Cronbachs (inter-item consistency reliability) is

that it is easier to calculate and is well-accepted within the academic research

(Cronbach, 1951; Nunnally, 1978; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007). In general,
lower acceptable limit of Cronbachs coefficient is at 0.70 (70%), however,
it may be accepted at 0.60 (60%) (Robinson et al., 1991; Sekaran, 2000).

Pilot Study(Continue )
Content validity:

also known as face validity is qualitative assessment of relationship

between items and the corresponding construct through rating by
experts, judges, and pre-tests with multiple sub-population (Hair et
al., 2006).
The content validity of the items ensures that output found through the
instrument was the real representation of the concept of the interest
(Hair et al., 2006; Collis & Hussey, 2003; Bryman & Bell, 2007)

Pilot Study Results

Construct

No. of
Item

Cronbac
h@

Quality
education
Government
Regulation

.831

.750

Lack of
opportunities
Behavior of
people

.903

Lack of proper
skills
Lack of
experience
Economic
condition
Youth
unemployment

Standard
Deviation

Average
Mean

.483

3.79

.488

3.69

.450
1.09

.891

.903

.725

.750

.920

.430
.477

.185
4.30

.480

4.07

.483

3.79

.487

4.22

CONCLUSION
This research explored the effects of quality of education, government
regulation, lack of opportunity, behavior of people, lack of proper skill
lack of experience and economic condition on youth unemployment. A
conceptual model will developed and applied to identify the relation
between the variables through regression analysis. The results of
regression analysis will show that all hypotheses accepted or not.

REFERENCES
Chaudhry and Hamid (2014), Youth population and the labor market of

Pakistan: a micro
level study. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 48(2), 183-208
Arif, G. M., F. K. Muhammad Akhtar and Lubna (2015), Labor market

dynamics in Pakistan:
Evidence from the longitudinal data.The Pakistan Development Review,
41(4), 701-720.
Andrews and Nickel (2013), The dynamics of youth unemployment. In The

Youth Labour
Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences edited by R.

Freeman and D.Wise, University of Chicago Press.

Maqbool, M.S., Sattar, T.M.A., and Bhalli, M.N. (2015), Determinants of

unemployment
empirical evidences from Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social
Review, 51(2), 191-207 Dhushyanth (2010)

 Assaad, Ragui, Fatma El-Hamidi and Akhter U. Ahmed (2014), The

Determinants of Employment Status in Egypt. FCND Discussion Paper No.

88.
Mortensen (2011) and Lippman and McCall (2012), Determinants of

unemployment in Namibia. International Journal of Business and

Management, Volume 5(10), pp. 92-104.
Amisano, G. and M. Serati (2003), What goes up sometimes stays up:

Shocks and institutions as determinants of unemployment persistence.

Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Volume 50, Issue 4, pp. 440-470.
Kalim, R. (2012), Population and unemployment: A dilemma to resolve.

The IUP
Journal of Applied Economics, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 7-15.
Andrews and Nickel (2012) The economics of job search: A survey.
Economic Inquiry, Volume 14, Issue 2, pp. 155-189.

 Akhtar, Sajjad and LubnaShahnaz (2005), Understanding the youth

unemployment conundrum
in Pakistan: Preliminary empirical macro-micro analysis. Discussion

Paper Series No. 4,

Center for Research on Poverty Reduction and Income Distribution,
Islamabad.
M.Rafiq, Ahmad, I., ullah, A., & Khan, Z. Sathar (2015).

Determinants of unemployment: a case study of pakistan labor

employment
Yousaf (2014) Study of pakistan economy (2008-2014)

Appendix

Suggestions
&
Recommendations
Are welcomed

Thank you