CIT-ChE
Log-Interpretation
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Lithology
3. Porosity
4. Water Saturation
5. Permeability
6. Hydrocarbon Type and Pay Counting
Introduction
The basic log analysis:
Identification of porous and permeable reservoir rocks
Porosity estimation
Water saturation calculation
Differentiation between oil and gas bearing sections
Logs Application
TOOLs
Signal Received
Signal Excited
Formatio
n
Different
Logs
Theory,metho
d and
experience
Physics Fields
Formation
Evaluation,et
c.
Track 1: Vsh, K
Track 2: e , Vf in pore space.
Track 3: Sw
Track 4: lithology, pore space.
Lithology
Reservoir Rocks
Low GR
Good SP development
Relative separation of resistivity curves
Non-Reservoir Rocks
High GR
Flat SP
Resistivity curves stack
Porosity
The porosity of a formation is defined as the
volume of the pore space divided by the
volume of the rock containing the pore space.
This definition ignores the question of
whether or not the pores are interconnected.
Measurement of Porosity
Water Saturation-Sw
Water saturation is defined as the volume
fraction of the pore space occupied by water
(see following figure).
Two phases:
1=So+Sw
Three phases:
1=Sg+So+Sw
Permeability (K)
Permeability is a measure of how easily
fluids can flow through a formation.
While porosity is a static property of a rock,
permeability is a dynamic one. If flow is
laminar then Darcys relation can be used
to define K in terms of flow rate (Q), area
(A), length (L), Pressure differential (P),
and fluid viscosity () such that:
k=(QL)/(PA)
Measurement of Permeability
There are many ways to estimate permeability,
including:
One relies upon empirical correlations
between porosity and irreducible water saturation
Log analysis
Core analysis
Hydrocarbon Type:
To distinguish between oil and gas, neutrondensity log leave its fingerprint on the
neutron/density overlay (see the plot on next
page).
Pay Counting:
Not all of pay section will
produce hydrocarbons. There
are low porosity shale streaks
which have no permeability, and
there are sections at the base of
the interval that will produce
water.
We can offer:
Reservoir
property
information
Special logging
data
Mud logging data
Geological
structure
information
t = tf * + t1 *V1+ t2 * V2 + t3 * V3
b = f * + 1 * V1 + 2 * V2+ 3 * V3
N = f* + 1 * V1 + 2 * V2 + 3 * V3
1 = + V1 + V2 +V3
V1
V2
V3
Porosity Calculation
(tc tma )
1. By sonic: S =
Cp(tf tma )
( ma b ) Vsh( ma sh)
2. By density: D =
ma b
3. By neutron: N , use directly or need lithology correcting.
4. By 3-porosity crossplot, which can also generate Lithology
Profile. (As shown in last page)
5. By core analysis,, MRIL or other methods.
Resistivity
Porosity(
)
I Rt R0 b S
n
w
F R0 Rw a m
0.054*Perm=
4 Swi
So = 1 -- Sw
Kint=104.4+A+3.0*lg
nS =(
ab Rw
w
m Rt
Other
transforms
More, click
here
Saturation
Other transforms
Permeability
-2.0lg(1- )
Softwares
Geological Problems:
- Petroleum Geology
- Petroleum Engineering
- Basic Geology