Sub Topics:
Instantaneous Power (p)
Active Power (P)
Reactive Power (Q)
Apparent Power (S)
Relationship between P, Q, S
Power Factor
Examples
Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power supplied to a device is simply the product of the
instantaneous voltage across its terminals multiply the instantaneous
current that flows through it.
e=
i=
= peak value
Example 1:
A sinusoidal voltage having a peak value of 162 V and a
frequency of 60 Hz is applied to the terminals of an AC
Motor. The resulting current has a peak value of 7.5 A
and lags with an angle of 50 behind the voltage.
a) Express the voltage & current in terms of electrical
angle, .
b) Calculate the value of the instantaneous voltage and
current at
an angle of 120.
c) Calculate the value of the instantaneous power at an
Active Power
Definition:
Symbol:
Unit:
Type of Load:
Reactive Power
Definition: Power that bounces back & forth between source
and load. (Simply called as Use-less Power)
Symbol:
Unit:
Type of Load:
C XC =(1/(j*2**f*C)) ()
Inductor (L), Unit: Henry or H
L XL = j*2**f*L ()
Position of V & I: I lags V by 90 (Inductor)
I leads V by 90 (Capacitor)
Formulas:
Q = I2XL, V2/XC
(DC Circuit)
Impedance (Z)
Impedance is defined as the combination of Resistance
with Reactive Reactance.
The Reactive Reactance can be Inductive, Capacitive or
the combination of both Inductive & Capacitive
Reactance
Example:
Z = R + j*XL
or Z = R + j*XC
or
Z = R + j*XL + j*XC
Example 2:
A reactor having an inductive reactance of 4 is
connected to the terminals of a 120 V AC Generator.
a) Calculate the value of the current in the reactor
b) Calculate the power associated with the reactor
c) Calculate the power associated with the AC Generator
d) Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit
Example 3:
An AC generator is connected to a group of R, L, & C
circuit elements. The respective elements carry the
currents shown below. Calculate the active and
reactive power associated with the generator.
(Circuit will be given in the class)
Apparent Power
Definition:
Power
Symbol:
Combination of R, L & C
Example 4:
An AC Motor absorbs 40 kW of active
power & 30 kVAR of reactive power.
Calculate the apparent power supplied
to the motor.
Example 5:
A Wattmeter and VARmeter are connected into a 120 V,
single phase line that feeds an AC motor. They
respectively indicate 1800 W and 960 VAR. Calculate:
a) The Ip & Iq
b) I
c) The apparent power supplied by the load
d) The phase angle between E & I
Example 6:
A single phase motor draws a current of 5 A from a 120 V, 60 Hz
line. The power factor (pf) of the motor is 65%. Calculate:
a) The active power absorbed by the motor
b) The reactive power absorbed by the motor
c) Draw the power triangle to indicate the values of P, Q, S
Example 7:
A 50 F paper capacitor is placed across the motor
terminals based on Example 6. Calculate:
a) The reactive power generated by the capacitor
b) The active power absorb by the motor
c) The reactive power absorbed from the line
d) The new power factor
Example 9:
A single phase 12.47 kV transmission line, several km
long, feeds a load from a substation. The line has a
resistance of 2.4 & a reactance of
15 . Instruments
at the substation indicate that the active and reactive
power inputs to the line are 3 MW & 2 MVAR, respectively.
a) Draw a simple line diagram to show the information
provided
b) Calculate the line current and phase angle with to the
line voltage at the substation
c) Calculate the active power absorbed by the load
d) Calculate the reactive power absorbed by the load