CHEE 305:

Transport
Phenomena
Chapter 4: Fluid Statics
William M. Chirdon, Ph.D.

Chapter 4 Homework set: due 9/17/15

2, 19, 22, 25, 32
(On #25, tubes should not be connected at top)

Homework

 Stress
dyad or second order tensor
composed of a force and an area
Can be described as

Where the area perpendicular to the i direction is subjected to

a force in the j direction.

Stress and Pressure

 Stress
Symmetrical ( ij = ji )
Therefore, there are 6 independent stresses

Stress and Pressure

 Pressure
Isotropic: same in all directions
Can be considered scalar (without direction)

Shear Stress
Directional
Anisotropic: direction-dependent
Result from fluid motion

Stress and Pressure

Total stress can be defined as

ij is = 1 when i = j, else ij = 0
Typically, compression is negative, tensile force is positive.
All ij are 0 when the fluid is static

Stress and Pressure

When static, the net

forces and directional
accelerations are 0

Momentum Balance on
Fluid Column

A force balance is completed considering the top pressure,

bottom pressure, and the weight of the fluid:

Eq 4-5 is the basic equation of fluid statics

Momentum Balance on
Fluid Column

 Valid at all points in a given static fluid

Relates pressure to density, gravity, and elevation
Can derive various equations based on assumptions
Especially with regard to density

Basic Eqn of Fluid Statics

 Isochoric: having constant volume

(and therefore, constant density)
Essentially the same as incompressible
When the density is constant, the basic equation is easy to
integrate to give:

Constant Density Fluids

Potential () is the sum of the pressure (P) and

the static head ( g z)

Constant Density Fluids

Manometer

Equations sum up to simple

Manometer Equation:

Note: Manometer equation represents

the potential between 1 and 2, not just P

Manometer

Good assumption for simple gasses at pressures less than or equal to

atmospheric

Ideal gas - Isothermal

After integration, you can relate P to z as:

Note the pressure drops exponentially with elevation

Ideal gas - Isothermal

For Isentropic Ideal Gasses:

Ideal gas Isentropic / Adiabatic

yielding:

Ideal gas Isentropic / Adiabatic

On average, the atmosphere may be approximately modeled as:

Standard Atmosphere

 Can use statics on moving systems where

There is no relative movement of the fluid
Acceleration is present (non-zero)

Moving Systems

Vertical Acceleration

 For acceleration in the direction of gravity:

For directions where gravity is not present:

Moving Systems

Accelerating Tank

Accelerating Tank

From surface:
Yielding:

Rotating Fluid

 Buoyancy force can be modeled as the weight of the

displaced fluid in the opposite direction of the
gravitational force/acceleration
The effective net weight is the weight of the object
minus the weight of the displaced fluid

Buoyancy

Note:
Force and Area are vectors
Pressure is a scalar

Static Forces
on Solid Boundaries

Force Balance:
Where is the tensile, working stress of the material

Max Pressure

Note: error in text

Pressure in a Pipe (Ex 4-2)

Schedule #, thickness