BAB 1: GELOMBANG

1.1 MEMAHAMI GELOMBANG

Panjang
Gelombang,
Jarak antara dua
titik berturutan
yang bergerak pada
fasa yang sama.
Laju Gelombang, v
Jarak perembatan
gelombang dalam
satu saat.
v = f
Tempoh, T
Masa untuk
menghasilkan
satu ayunan
lengkap.

Amplitud, a
Sesaran
maksimum

Frekuensi, f
Bilangan
ayunan
lengkap
dalam satu
saat.
f = 1/ T

Sesaran, cm
a
a
0

Jarak,
cm

-a

GRAF SESARAN-JARAK

Sesaran, cm
a

v=
f

f = 1/ T

a
0

Masa. s
T

-a

GRAF SESARAN-MASA

 Amplitud, a

tenaga

Frekuensi, f
gelombang,

panjang

 Sistem bandul berbeban unggul (ideal

oscillating pendulum)
Tiada kehilangan tenaga
Terus berayun dalam amplitud yang sama
Pada kedudukan A & B = tenaga
keupayaan max, tenaga kinetik sifar.
Pada titik keseimbangan O = tenaga
kinetik max, tenaga keupayaan sifar.

SISTEM BANDUL BERBEBAN UNGGUL

TENAGA
KINETIK

TENAGA
KEUPAYAAN

 Sistem ayunan sebenar

Ayunan semakin perlahan dan berhenti
Disebabkan rintangan udara tenaga
hilang

PELEMBAPAN

PELEMBAPAN
Berlaku apabila satu sistem ayunan itu hilang tenaga
ke sekeliling.

GRAF SESARAN-MASA
(PELEMBAPAN)
f=
malar,
T=
a
malar
a

 Frekuensi asli
Frekuensi sistem itu sendiri tanpa daya
luar dikenakan

Ayunan paksaan
Suatu sistem yang berayun dengan
kehadiran daya luar

PELEMBAPAN
Pengurangan dalam kekuatan tenaga
gelombang disebabkan tenaga yang hilang

RESONANS
Keadaan di mana satu sistem yang
dipaksa berayun pada frekuensi asli,
menjadikan satu sistem menyerap
lebih banyak tenaga untuk mencapai
amplitud maksimum

BAB 1: GELOMBANG
1.2 PANTULAN GELOMBANG
(REFLECTION OF WAVE)

Crest = convex
lens
(converge the
light)

Dark

Bright

REFLACTION OF WAVES

When all part of the waves are

returned when they encounter an
obstacle or reflector

REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Angle of

REFLACTION OF SOUND

Angle of

CHARACTERISTICS
Direction

REFRACTION OF WAVES
Change of direction of a wave when it
travel from one medium to another
caused by a change in the speed of
wave.

Direction of wave changes when it travels to diff

v ,

v ,

Deep

Shallow

v
=
v

=
unchang
ed

distance ,
sound

Ballon filled
with co

Sound energy
spread out

Refracted and
converge

Loud
sound

Sound always refracted toward cool air

CIRI-CIRI GELOMBANG TERBIAS

Angle of refraction

FENOMENA PEMBIASAN GELOMBANG

Speed of waves decrease

Depth of water decrease

Bay

Air cetek
Tanjun
g

DIFRACTION OF WAVES
Spreading of a wave when it passes
through a narrow opening or
obstacles

Difraction od waves

Wave spread out

Difraction of waves
Not well diffracted

Diffraction of waves

Diffraction of waves

Obstacles
size >
wavelength

Size of
obstacle <
wavelenght

Frequency

Frequency
,

Frequency
,

Frequency
,

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

DIFFRACTION OF SOUND

CHARACTERISTICS

Wavelength, speed and frequency

INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
Phenomenon that occurs when two set
of continuous waves from two
coherence sources overlap or
superposition, giving rise to
constructive and destructive
interference.

PRINSIP SUPERPOSITION

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
Resultant displacement at one point is
the sum of the displacements
produced by the individual waves at
the point.

Jarak x
ke
sumber

Distance between 2
nod/anti

Constructi
ve
interferenc
e (crest +
crest)
Caused the amplitude
doubled

Constructi
ve
interferenc
e (trough
+ trough)
Distance between source

Meningkatkan
penglihatan
Superposisi (puncak + lembangan)
keadaan keseimbangan (tenang) & tanpa
bentuk gelombang

=
ax

f low

f high

x increase

x
decrease

INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT

INTERFERENS
GELOMBANG BUNYI
Interferens
membina =
kuat

Interferens
memusnah =
lemah

SOUND WAVES
Logitudinal waves, particles oscillate to
and fro in the same direction of the
wave propagation.

Memerlukan
Renggangan
Mampatan
Berlaku
Gelombang

GELOMBANG BUNYI

Loudness

Amplitud