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The Photo Electric

Effects

By :Nikhil Merothiya

We know that the light has dual nature.


The Phenomena of interference & diffraction etc. can be
explained on the basis of wave theory of light.
Whereas the phenomena of Photoelectric Effect , compton
effect can be explained on the basis of particle theory of
light.

The Photo Electric Effect


The ejection of electrons from a metallic surface
when the light of suitable frequency is allowed to fall
on the surface.

The Photo Electric Effect


This suitable frequency is called Threshold
Frequency
and
the
corresponding
wavelength is called threshold wavelength.

Work function: The work function is the


energy required to remove an electron from
the highest filled level in the Fermi
distribution of a solid.

Typical Experimental Setup

Incident light triggers the emission of (photo)electrons


from the cathode.
Some of them travel toward the collector (anode) with
an initial kinetic energy.
The applied voltage V either accelerates (if positive) or
decelerates (if negative) the incoming electrons.
The intensity I of the current measured by the ammeter
as a function of the applied voltage V is a measurement of
the
photoelectron
properties,
and
therefore
a
measurement of the properties of the photoelectric effect.

How to understand the


Photoelectric Effect?
Think about hitting a ball into outer space.
If you don't hit it hard enough, it will just come back
down. No matter how many times you hit it.
If superman hit it, he could get it into space.
Similarly, no matter how many photons strike the metal,
if none of them has sufficient energy to eject an electron
from a metal atom, you won't get a current.
If the energy the taken up by the electron is sufficient
to allow it to be released from the metal atom, you will
get a current.

Relation between energy of photon


& emitted electrons maximum
kinetic energy
Km

Km :- maximum kinetic energy of

emitted electron

W :- work function

Relation between current &


applied potential difference
V :- potential difference
Vs :- stopping potential

:- frequency (constant)
V

Relation between
current & frequency
The stopping potential depends on the frequency:-Higher
frequencies generates higher energy electrons.

2 3
Vs1

Vs2

Vs3

>

>

Laws of Photoelectric effect


Photoelectric effect is directly proportional to intensity.
If the frequency of the incident light is less than the threshold
frequency then no electron ejected, no matter what the
intensity.
The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons depend on the
frequency of the incident light.
The electrons were emitted immediately - no time lag.

Einsteins equation
Km = E - W

Km:- maximum kinetic energy


E :- energy of photons
W :- work function of metal

Einsteins equation
m = tan
Km

Use of Photoelectric
effect
Photo cell

THANKING YOU

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