Code Division Multiple Accessing

CDMA
DELOS SANTOS, JESI VILLAMOR

Multiple Access and

Multiplexing
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Multiplexing: is the reversible operation of combining several

information-bearing signals to form a single, more complex signal.

Multiple Access: is the ability for several earth stations to transmit their
respective carriers simultaneously into the same satellite transponder

CDMA
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Highly secure and easily concealed communication system. CDMA uses

a spreading code to scramble the data and spread the bandwidth. One
channel carries all transmissions simultaneously. In the past 15 years
CDMA has become popular in commercial wireless and satellite
communications.

Also called Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)

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CDMA History
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Invented by actress Hedy Lamarr & George Anthiel during World War II as a technique
against interference of submarine communications.

1988 October

1989 February CDMA proposed as a more efficient, higher-quality wireless technology

1989 November

1990 February First CDMA field trial demonstration (NYNEX, New York City)

1991 November
equipment

1992 June CTIA asks TIA to expedite adoption of CDMA standard in North America

1992 September
Seattle market)

1993 April South Korea adopts CDMA as its national cellular telephone system

1993 July

1993 December

CDMA concept conceived for commercial telecommunication applications

First CDMA system demonstration (Pac Tel Cellular, San Diego)
First large-scale CDMA capacity tests using commercial-grade

First CDMA network equipment ordered (U.S. West New Vector,

U.S. TIA adopts CDMA (IS-95A) as a North American digital cellular standard
CDMA Development Group (CDG) is founded

Multiple Accessing
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CDMA
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Each station encodes its data

with secret, unique coding
functions, each chosen so it
is unlike any of the others.
The sum of all of the uplinks
is received by the satellite
and retransmitted to all
earthstations. An earthstation
can only decode data packets
for which it knows the code.

CDMA

Uses a unique binary words called CHIP CODES to receive a particular earth stations transmission.

We assume that the assigned codes have two properties

If we multiply each code by another, we get 0.

If we multiply each code by itself, we get the number

of stations.

EXAMPLE

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CDMA
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Let us assume we have three transmitting stations A, B, & C and three

receiving stations X, Y, & Z.

They are connected to the same channel.

The data from station A are d1.

The data from station B are d2.

The data from station C are d3.

Code assigned to the first station is C1

Code assigned to the first station is C2

Code assigned to the first station is C3

CDMA
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C1 d1 + C2 d2 + C3 d3
If station A and Z are talking to each other. Station Z wants to hear what
station A is saying. It multiplies the data on the channel by C1, the code of
station A.
The answer we get will be d1 the data transmitted by station A

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CDMA Techniques
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

Frequency Hopping CDMA or FH-CDMA

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting

radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency
channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter
and receiver. It is utilized as a multiple access method in the frequencyhopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) scheme

CDMA Techniques

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

Direct Sequence CDMA or DS-CDMA

The stream of information to be transmitted is divided into small

pieces, each of which is allocated across to a frequency channel across
the spectrum. A data signal at the point of transmission is combined
with a higher data-rate bit sequence that divides the data according to
a spreading ratio. The redundant chipping code helps the signal resist
interference and also enables the original data to be recovered if data
bits are damaged during transmission

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Thats all for CDMA

01010100 01101000 01100001 01101110 01101011

01110011

Thats all for CDMA

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