EDUCATION AND

TRAINING ACTIVITIES

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Education and training, both formal and informal,

prepare people at all levels to participate in
hazard management. Universities, research
centers, and international development
assistance agencies play the leading formal role
in preparing individuals in a variety of skill levels
such as natural hazards assessment, risk
reduction, and natural phenomena prediction.
These activities are also carried out by
operational entities such as ministries of
agriculture, transportation, public works, and
defense

Informal learning can be delivered through

brochures, booklets, and audio and video
tapes prepared by national and
international agencies involved in disaster
preparedness and mitigation programs, and
through the national media.
Additionally, courses, workshops,
conferences, and seminars organized by
national and international disaster
assistance agencies disseminate great
amounts of information on natural hazard
management strategies.

TRAINING ACTIVITIES
Training
There are four main kinds of training concerned
with Hazard and Operability Studies
Senior management appreciation course
Course for team members
Study Leader training
Secretary training
Hazard and Operability Studies can also be
included in a general management training
course.

Senior manager training

Courses should be presented so that senior
managers can have an understanding of the
technique, an appreciation of when it can be used
with advantage and the benefits to be obtained
from it in terms of reduced hazard, improvement
in methods and an improvement in the general
competence of the operation
This training should also deal with the human
relationships aspect of studies. It is important to
have a 'no recrimination' policy if and when faults
are detected.
On the positive side, an opportunity is provided
by studies for the professional development of
staff.

Team member training

This training places greater emphasis on actually
carrying out studies and particularly on the
examination stage. It should be possible to
complete this course in a period of from half a
day to two days, depending upon the method of
instruction and the amount of practice the
members are given.
There can also be informal training for a team
about to carry out a study if some of the
members are unfamiliar with the technique. This
is given by the study leader immediately prior to
starting a study and takes one to three hours.

Study leader training

Study leaders develop their ability to plan and
control Hazard and Operability Studies by
combination of a wide range of technical and
management skills,
prior experience as team members and as team
secretaries, succeeded by conducting
studies themselves under the supervision of an
experienced leader.
Ideally, the study leader should have the
following background and training
i Several years' experience in production as a line
manager or engineer
ii Experience in design
iii Training and experience in problem solving
including training in method study and
consultancy skills.

iv Extensive reading of the literature on the

technique.
v Experience as a team member.
vi Experience as a team secretary.
vii Experience as a trainee study leader under
supervision.
Secretary training
The secretary must have an appreciation of the
technique. In addition, he must be given some
guidance on how to record succinctly, but in a
way which immediately identifies the section of
plant referred to, the nature of the hazard and
the circumstances in which it can occur.

INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
FOR NATURAL HAZARD
MANAGEMENT AND THE
VULNERABLE ELEMENTS
TO BE CONSIDERED

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING STUDY

It consists of:
a. Preliminary Mission: Designing the Study
b. Phase I: Development Diagnosis
c. Phase II: Project Formulation and Action P
lan Preparation
d. Implementing the Study Recommendatio
ns

PRELIMINARY
MISSION:DESIGNING THE STUDY
The first step in the process of technical assistance
for an integrated development planning study is to
send a "preliminary mission" to consult with officials
in the interested country.
They take action to:
1 Determine whether the study area is affected by
one or more natural hazards.
2 Identify the information available for judging the
threat posed by those hazards in the study area:
history of hazardous events; disaster and damage
reports; assessments of hazards, vulnerability, risk;
maps and reports on natural resources and hazards.

3 Determine whether the available data are

sufficient to evaluate the threat of hazards.
If they are not, determine what additional
data collection, hazard assessment, remote
sensing, or specialized equipment will be
needed for the next stage of the study.
4 Determine whether the studies required
would serve more than one sector or
project. If so, establish coordination.
5 Prepare an integrated work plan for Phase I
that specifies the hazard work to be done,
the expertise needed, and the time and cost
requirements.

Phase I: Development Diagnosis

In Phase I, the team analyzes the study region and

arrives at detailed estimates of development
potentials and problems of the region and selected
target areas.
Prepare a base map.
Determine the goods, services, and hazards of the
region's ecosystems. Identify cause-and-effect
relationships between natural events and between
natural events and human activity.
Evaluate socioeconomic conditions and institutional
capacity. Determine the important linkages
between the study region and neighboring regions

Conduct assessments of natural hazards

determined to be a significant threat in the
study region. For hurricanes and geologic
hazards, the existing information will probably
suffice; if the information on geologic hazards is
inadequate, an outside agency should be asked
to conduct an analysis.
Identify hazard-prone areas where intensive use
should be avoided.
Identify structural mitigation measures that
should be incorporated into existing facilities
and proposed projects.
Prepare an integrated work plan for the next
stage that includes hazard considerations.

Phase II: Project Formulation

and Action Plan Preparation

In this phase the team must:

Examine the human activities that could contribute to natural
hazards (e.g., irrigation, plowing in the dry season, and
animal husbandry could cause or exacerbate desertification)
and the social and cultural factors that could influence project
vulnerability during and after implementation.
Prepare site-specific vulnerability and risk assessments and
appropriate vulnerability reduction measures for all projects
being formulated.
Mitigate the undesirable effects of the projects and examine
carefully the compatibility of all projects and proposals.
Define the specific instruments of policy and management
required for the implementation of the overall strategy and
the individual projects; design appropriate monitoring
programs.

Implementing the Study

Recommendations
The fourth stage of the development planning process
helps implement the proposals by preparing the
institutional, financial, and technical mechanisms
necessary for successful execution and operation.
Ensure that suitable hazard management mechanisms
have been included in all investment projects; provide
for monitoring of construction to insure compliance with
regulations, and for ongoing monitoring to ensure longterm compliance with project design.
Ensure that national disaster management organizations
have access to the information generated by the study.
Involve the private sector in the vulnerability reduction
program.

Generate broad-based political support

through the media, training programs, and
contacts with community organizations. Use
products of the studies (photos, maps,
charts, etc.) for mass communication. Use
personnel who participated in the studies in
public meetings to promote the concept of
vulnerability reduction.
Accelerate the implementation of projects
that include hazard mitigation
considerations; if budget cutbacks occur,
reduce the number of projects rather than
dropping the hazard mitigation components.

Vulnerability Assessments
Vulnerability studies estimate the degree of
loss or damage that would result from the
occurrence of a natural phenomenon of
given severity.
The elements analyzed include human
population/capital facilities and resources
such as settlements, lifelines, production
facilities, public assembly facilities, and
cultural patrimony; and economic activities
and the normal functioning of settlements.

VULNERABLE ELEMENTS THAT

SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN THE
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
Human Settlements:
Human population and associated housing and
services.
Critical Facilities:
(1) Essential services, such as
telecommunications, water, energy, and
sanitation; (2) emergency medical services, fire
and police stations, and disaster organizations;
and (3) local, national, and international
transportation facilities and carriers.

Economic Production Facilities:

Major sources of livelihood of the population,
such as industries, banking and commerce
buildings, public markets, agroprocessing plants
and areas of agricultural production, livestock,
forestry, mines, and fisheries production.
Public Assembly Sites:
Buildings such as schools, churches,
auditoriums, theatres, public markets, and
public and private office buildings.
Cultural Patrimony:
Buildings of significant cultural and community
value or use, and buildings of architectural
importance.

THANK YOU