Chapter 2
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Example 2
Mass (tree) + 75 Kg
Mass (soil) - 0.05 Kg
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wate
r
soil
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MgO
Mg : 0
1 :
0.6583
2 : ?
O = (2 x 0.6583) /1 =1.317 g
MgO = 1.317 + 2 = 3.317 g
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8
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The Atom
Nucleus
electrons
protons + neutrons
(-)
(+)
(zero)
Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons = Number
of electrons
Mass Number (A) : Number of protons + Number
of neutrons
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Number of neutrons = A- Z
Example
81
Given :
Br, Z = 35
Req
:
number of protons, electrons,
neutrons
Sol
:
protons = electrons = 35
neutrons = A-Z = 81-35 = 46
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Isotopes
Atoms having same number of protons but
different number of neutrons
Example 1
Hydrogen (H2)
Z=1
protium
deuterium
tritium
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H
2
H
3
H
N=0
N=1
N=2
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Isobars
Atoms with the same mass number but
different atomic numbers
Example
116
48
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Cd
116
Sn
50
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The electron
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me
e
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The electron
Millikans experiment:
- produce tiny oil droplets, have them acquire
an electric charge, measure the velocity in
presence and absence of electric field.
- calculate charge of the electron.
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The electron
- calculation of the mass of the electron
e = -1.602 x 10-19 C
me = (me /e) x e = 9.109 x 10-31
Kg
Similarly,
- calculation of the mass of the proton
me /e for proton = 1.044 x 10-8 Kg/C
p = +1.602 x 10-19 C
mp = (mp /p) x p = 1.672 x 10-27
Kg
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- calculation of the mass of the neutron
Atomic models
1. Raisin Pudding atomic model
(Thomson)
The positive charge is uniformly distributed in
a spherically shaped cloud and the
negative electrons are embedded randomly
in it.
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Atomic models
2. Nuclear atomic model (Rutherford)
The scattering of alpha particles by metal foils
suggested that the atom had a tiny,
massive, positively-charged nucleus that is
surrounded by electrons.
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Atomic mass
Atomic mass unit (u) for hydrogen (H2) = 1
Atomic mass unit (u) for oxygen (O2) = ?
In water (H2O):
H:O
1:8
2:?
? = 16
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Isotopic masses
Positive ions and mass spectrometry
- produces ions from the substance under
investigation.
- separates them according to their mass-tocharge ratio.
-records weighted atomic masses of the
elements and relative abundances of the
isotopes.
Mass spectrometer consists of:
-ionizer to produce ions.
-mass analyser to separate ions
by
defection in a magnetic field.
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mass spectrum
No of atoms
or %
abundance
mass-tocharge
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Atomic mass
Standard atomic mass = atomic mass unit of
C-12 =12u
From spectral data,
mass of 16O / mass of 12C = 1.33291
mass of 16O = 1.33291 x 12 = 15.9949 u
Mass numbers are whole numbers
Atomic masses are not whole numbers,
except for C-12
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Example 2
carbon (C)
Isotope
mass
% abundance
fractional abundance
C-12
12
98.93%
0.9893
C-13
13
1.07%
0.0107
Contribution of isotope = fractional abundance x
mass of isotope
1. Contribution of C-12
= 0.9893 x 12Mayyada El-Sayed
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2. Contribution of C-13
= 0.0107 x 13
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Molecular masses
Example 2:
Molecular
mass
of
glycerol
propanetriol)?
Molecular formula: C3 H8 O3
(1,2,3-
CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
= (atomic mass of C x 3) + ( atomic mass of H x 8)
+ ( atomic mass of O x 3)
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Formula masses
Ionic compounds have formula units and
formula masses.
Formula mass is the sum of the masses of
the ions present in a formula unit.
Example 1:
Formula mass of BaCl2
= (atomic mass of Ba x 1) + ( atomic mass
of Cl x 2)
= (137.327 u x 1) + (35.4527 u x 2) =
208.232 u
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Formula masses
Example 2:
Formula mass of ammonium sulfate?
(NH4)2 SO4
= [(atomic mass of N x 1) + ( atomic mass of H x
4)] x 2
+ [( atomic mass of S x 1) + ( atomic mass of O x
4)]
= 132.141 u
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The mole
A mole (mol) is an amount of substance that contains
as many entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g
of C-12.
Avogadros number (NA )
NA
= 6.02 x 1023
mol-1
Molar mass
Mass of 1 mole of a substance (g/mol).
1 mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g,
molar mass ( 12 g/mol) = atomic
mass (12 u)
For example,
1 mole of Na = 6.02 x 1023 Na atoms = 22.99 g Na
Example:
Mass of a 0.0750-mol sample of Na?
mol
mass
1
22.99 g
0.0750
?
Mass = 0.0750 mol x 22.9 (g/mol) = 1.72 Mayyada
g NaEl-Sayed
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Example:
Number of moles of Na in a 62.5-g sample?
mol
mass
1
22.99 g
?
62.5 g
Moles = 62.5 (g) x 1 (mol)/ 22.9 (g) = 2.72 mol Na
Mass of a sample of Na containing 1.00 x 1025 Na
atoms?
mol
atoms
1
6.02 x 1023
?
1.00 x 1025
Mass = ? (mol) x 22.99 (g/mol) = 3.818 x 10-23 g
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Example:
Mass of a single Na atom?
atoms
6.02 x 1023
1
mass
22.99 g
?
8 mol H atoms
3 mol O atoms
Example:
Number of NH4+ ions in a 145-g sample of (NH4)2 SO4 ?
mol
mass
1
132.14 g
?
145 g
Each mole (NH4)2 SO4 contains 2 moles NH4+ .
Number of ions = [145 x 1 / 132.14] x 2 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.32 x 1024 ions.
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Example:
The volume of glycerol (d = 1.261 g/mL) that contains
1.00 mol O atoms?
Each mole C3 H8 O3 contains 3 moles O .
mol
1
1/3
mass
92.095 g
?
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An estimation example:
Which of the following is a reasonable value for the
number of atoms in 1.00 g of helium?
a. 4.1 x 10-23
c. 1.5 x 1023
b. 4.0
d. 1.5 x 10 24
number of moles = 0.25
number of atoms = NA x 0.25
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Example:
Determine approximate mass-to-charge
ratio of 80Br- .
e = -1.602 x 10-19 C
molar mass= 80 g, 1 mole contains NA of ions.
mass of one ion = 80 x 10-3/ 6.023 x 1023
me /e = 8.3 x 10-7 Kg/C
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