ORGAN VISUAL 2

dr. Ety Sari Handayani, M.Kes

 The human eye

From the optical point of view, the

black central circle, which is the pupil area, and the structured iris diaphragm are
the most interesting parts. From the reflected light it can be seen that the front
surface
of the cornea is smooth and glossy.
 Image on the retina and
corresponding processed image in
the brain
Penglihatan Normal &
Gangguan Refraksi
Penyempitan Lapang
Pandang (Glaukoma)
Defek Retina
Gangguan Lensa
(Katarak)
Demonstration of red
green blindness
 correct : ARMEE
red-green blind : ZIVIL
 Image Formation

To understand how the eye forms clear

images of objects on the retina, we
must examine three processes:
(1) the refraction or bending of light by
the lens and cornea;
(2) accommodation, the change in shape
of the lens; and
(3) constriction or narrowing of the pupil.
 Refraction of Light Rays

When light rays traveling through a

first transparent substance (suchas air)
pass into a second transparent
substance with a different density
(such as water), they bend at the
junction between the two substances.
This bending is called refraction
 Refractive Components
of the Eye
1. Air - Anterior cornea surface
2. Posterior cornea surface humor
aqueous
3. Humor aqueous anterior lens surface
4. Posterior lens surface vitreous humor

( air 1; cornea 1,38; humor aqueous 1,33;

lensa 1,4; vitreous humor 1,34)
 Cornea: responsible for the majority of the
refractive power of the eye (40 D)
Lens: 20 D of refractive power, changes
with accommodation
Light rays are focused on the retina
because they are refracted by passing
through the cornea and lens (Snells Law)
Corneal refractive power is constant
Lens refractive power is modifiable with
accommodation
In the human eye, the greatest amount
of refraction occurs when light passes
from the air into the corneal tissues,
which have a density close to that of
water.

When you open your eyes under water,

you cannot see clearly because
refraction at the corneal surface has
been largely eliminated; light passes
unbent from one watery medium to
another.
Additional refraction takes place when
the light passes from the aqueous
humor into the relatively dense lens

The lens provides the extra refraction

needed to focus the light rays from an
object toward a focal pointa
specific point of intersection on the
retina
The distance between the center of the
lens and its focal point is the focal
distance of the lens.
 Focal distance is
determined by two factors
1. The Distance of the Object from
the Lens. The closer an object is to
the lens, the greater the focal distance

2. The Shape of the Lens. The

rounder the lens, the more
refraction occurs, so a very round
lens has a shorter focal distance than a
flatter one
 Accomodation

Accommodation is the automatic

adjustment of the eye to give us clear
vision
During accommodation, the lens
becomes rounder to focus the image of
a nearby object on the retina; the lens
flattens when we focus on a distant
object
The lens is held in place by the suspensory
ligaments that originate at the ciliary body.
Smooth muscle fibers in the ciliary body act like
sphincter muscles.

When the ciliary muscle contracts, the ciliary body

moves toward the lens, thereby reducing the
tension in the suspensory ligaments. The elastic
capsule then pulls the lens into a more spherical
shape that increases the refractive power of the
lens. This enables it to bring light from nearby
objects into focus on the retina
Muscles relax, long focal length, see objects far
way; Muscles tense, short focal length see
objects close.
When the ciliary muscle relaxes, the
suspensory ligaments pull at the
circumference of the lens, making the lens
flatter

The greatest amount of refraction is required

to view objects that are very close to the
lens. The inner limit of clear vision, known as
the near point of vision, is determined by the
degree of elasticity in the lens.
 Image Reversal

The image of the top of the pole lands

at the bottom of the retina, and the
image of the bottom hits the top of the
retina.
Structure of Rods, Cones, and
Rhodopsin Molecule
Opsin is activated. The bound retinal molecule has two possible
configurations: the 11-cis form and the 11-trans form. Normally, the
molecule is in the 11-cis form; on absorbing light, it changes to the more
linear 11-trans form. This change activates the opsin molecule.

Opsin activates transducin, which in turn activates

phosphodiesterase. Transducin is a G proteina membranebound
enzyme complex. p. 405 In this case, transducin is activated by opsin,
and transducin in turn activates phosphodiesterase (PDE).

Cyclic-GMP (cGMP) levels decline, and gated sodium channels close.

Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks down cGMP. The removal
of cGMP from the gated sodium channels results in their inactivation. The rate
of Na entry into the cytoplasm then decreases.

The dark current is reduced and the rate of neurotransmitter release

declines. The reduction in the rate of Na entry reduces the dark current.
Because active transport continues to remove Na from the cytoplasm, when
the sodium channels close, the transmembrane potential drops toward 70
mV. As the membrane hyperpolarizes, the rate of neurotransmitter release
decreases, indicating to the adjacent bipolar cell that the photoreceptor has
absorbed a photon.
PRESBYOPIA
Diagrammatic representation of blood
vessels in the
surface nerve fiber layer. OD Optic disc
 supply of the optic nerve.
A arachnoid, C choroid, CRA
central retinal artery, Col. Br.
collateral branches, CRV
central retinal vein, D dura,
LC lamina cribrosa, ON optic
nerve, PCA posterior ciliary
arteries, PR prelaminar
region, R retina, S sclera, SAS
subarachnoid space