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Chapter 7 : Electricity
7.1 Electrostatics
What is electrostatics?
Types of static electrical charges and their p
roperties
7.2 Electricity
Electricity
Current, voltage and resistance

7.3 Electric Current, Voltage and Resistance

Electric current, voltage and resistance

7.4 The Relationship Between Current, Voltage

and Resistance
The relationship between between
current, voltage and resistance
7.5 Electric Circuits
Electric circuits

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 Chapter 7 : Electricity
Series circuits and parallel circuits
Comparison between series and parallel circu
its
7.6 Series Circuit
Series circuit
Advantage and disadvantage of a series circu
it
7.7 Parallel Circuit
Parallel circuit
Advantage and disadvantage of a parallel cir
cuit
7.8 Magnetism
Magnetic field

7.9 Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism BM Version Previous Forward Menu Exit
7.1 Electrostatics
What is electrostatics?

Electrostatic charges are static electric charges

that do not move
Electrostatic charges can be produced by
rubbing two different substances against one
another

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 7.1 Electrostatics
Types of statics electrical charges and their properties
The presence of electrostatic
Metal disc charges can be detected by
using an electroscope
Perspex When a neutral substance is
(insulator)
brought near the metal disc,
Glass the gold leaf will not diverge
window Metal
container
When a charged substance is
brought near the metal disc,
the gold leaf will diverge
Gold leaf
It can be used to determine
Metal rod whether a substance is
positively or negatively charged
Base
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 7.1 Electrostatics
Opposite charges attract Same charge repel one
one another another

+ - + +
+ -- + +
+
Positively + Balloon +- Balloon - Negatively Balloon + + Balloon +
charged A + B charged + Positively
- A B
+ + - - + charged
balloon balloon Positively + +
+ + +
Attract charged balloon
Repel
balloon

The force that is responsible for attracting and repelling

these charges is known as electrostatic forces

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7.2 Electricity
Electrical energy (electricity) is a form of energy that
plays an important role in our lives
Common sources of electrical energy are :
* Generators : Is a device that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy
* Electric cells : Dry cells, lead-acid accumulators and
mercury cells convert chemical energy into electrical
energy

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 7.2 Electricity
Current, voltage and resistance

Current can be defined as the charges rate of flow

The electrical force needed to move electrical changes
from one point to another point in a conductor is called
the voltage
Electrical conductors have the characteristic of resisting
the flow of electric current. This is known as resistance.
Difference types of conductors have different resistance
The direction of an electric current is from the positive
terminal of a battery through the circuit to the negative
terminal, whereas the flow of electrons is from the
negative terminal to the positive terminal
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7.3 Electric Current, Voltage
and Resistance
To measure current, an ammeter must be connected in
series with other electrical appliances in a circuit
The deflection of the pointer of the ammeter indicates
the value of current flowing through the bulb and other
parts of the circuit
The SI unit for electric current is ampere (A)
To measure voltage, a voltmeter must be connected in
parallel to other electrical components in a circuit
The deflection of the pointer of the voltmeter indicates
the value of voltage across the bulb
The SI unit for voltage is the volt (V)
The SI unit for resistance is the ohm ()
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 7.4 The Relationship Between
Current, Voltage and Resistance

Procedure
Switch on the switch

Battery and adjust the rheostat

Switch
to the smallest
Rheostat resistance
A Ammeter
Bulb Record the ammeter
and voltmeter reading
V Adjust the rheostat in
Voltmeter different positions and
record the ammeter and
voltmeter reading

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 7.4 The Relationship Between
Current, Voltage and Resistance

Result Graph
Voltage / V
Voltage
Current (I)
(V)
1 Gradient
V
2 =
I
3
= R, resistance
4
5
0 Current / I

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7.4 The Relationship Between
Current, Voltage and Resistance
Conclusion
Voltage (V) is directly proportional with current (I)

The ratio of voltage (V) to current (I), V is a constant

I

V = IR V = Voltage
V I = Current
I R R = Resistance

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7.5 Electric Circuits
An electric circuit is a path along which an electric
current is able to flow
Some circuit symbols

Electrical component Symbol

Electric cell
Bulb
Resistor
Fuse
Switch
Battery
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 7.5 Electric Circuits
Series circuits and parallel circuits

Series circuit Parallel circuit

Electrical components in a Electrical components in a

series circuit are connected parallel circuit are
one after another in one path connected by several paths

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 7.5 Electric Circuits
Comparison between series and parallel circuits
Similarities between series and parallel circuits
The dry cells are the source of electrical energy
The switch must be closed for current to flow
Differences between series and parallel circuits
Series circuit Parallel circuit
There is only one path for current There is a separate path for
to flow through the light bulbs current to flow through each bulb
The light bulbs connected in series The light bubs connected in
do not glow as bright as those parallel glow brighter than those
connected in parallel connected in series
If one light bulb is disconnected, If one light bulb is disconnected,
the other does not light up because the other still glows. Current still
the circuit is incomplete flows through the other light bulb

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7.6 Series Circuit V
V
The current flowing through
each bulb is the same as the I
current flowing in the circuit I1 R1 I2 R2 I3 R3

I = I1 = I 2 = I3 V V V
V1 V2 V3
The sum of the voltage
across each bulb is equal to
The total resistance of
the voltage across the circuit the circuit, R is equal to
the sum of the
V = V1 + V2 + V3 resistance in each bulb

R = R1 + R2 + R3
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 7.6 Series Circuit
Advantage and disadvantage of a series circuit

Advantage
The voltage across the circuit increases and the current
also increases when more cells are connected in series.
So the bulbs glow brighter
The current that flows through each bulb is the same

Disadvantage
If one of the bulbs burns out, the other bulbs will not light

up
The bulbs become dimmer when more bulbs are
connected in series

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 7.7 Parallel Circuit V
V

The voltage across the I1 R1

circuit is the same as the V1
voltage across each bulb I V
I2 R2
V = V1 = V2
V
V2
The current flowing from the
The total resistance of the
energy source is equal to
the sum of the current circuit, R is related by the
flowing through each bulb formula

I = I1 + I 2 1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
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 7.7 Parallel Circuit
Advantage and disadvantage of a parallel circuit

Advantage
Current can flow through a parallel circuit via two or more
paths
Each electrical component can be controlled by separate
switches
All identical bulbs will light up with the same brightness

Disadvantage
When more bulbs are connected in parallel, the dry cells
will quickly become weak

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7.8 Magnetism
Magnetic field

The magnetic field is a region of space surrounding a

magnet that imposes magnetic force on magnetic
materials
It consists of magnetic field lines
Magnetic field lines will not cross each other and always
begin from the north pole and end at the south pole
The compass needle will show the direction of the
magnetic field if it is brought near to a magnetic field

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7.8 Magnetism
The region marked X is a neutral region free from effect
of magnetic field

N S N
N X N
S

X
N N N S
N S X
S S S N
X

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7.9 Electromagnetism
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which
magnetism is produced by the flow of electric current
The shape of the magnetic
field lines is concentric and
circular surrounding the
wire that carries current
The direction of the
magnetic field can be
determined by the rules
called the right-hand rule Magnetic field lines
and Maxwells screw rule produced by a straight
wire carrying current

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The End
Versi BI Keluar
Bab7 : Keelektrikan
7.1 Elektrostatik
Apa itu elektrostatik?
Jenis cas elektrik statik dan sifat-sifatnya

7.2 Keelektrikan
Keelektrikan
Arus, voltan dan rintangan

7.3 Arus Elektrik, Voltan dan Rintangan

Arus elektrik, voltan dan rintangan

7.4 Hubungan di antara Arus, Voltan dan Rintangan

Hubungan di antara arus, voltan dan rintangan

7.5 Litar Elektrik

Litar elektrik

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Bab 7 : Keelektrikan
Litar siri dan litar selari
Perbandingan di antara litar siri dan litar selari

7.6 Litar Siri

Litar siri
Kebaikan dan keburukan litar siri

7.7 Litar Selari

Litar selari
Kebaikan dan keburukan litar selari

7.8 Kemagnetan
Medan magnet

7.9 Keelektormagnetan
Keletromagnetan

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7.1 Elektrostatik
Apa itu elektrostatik?

Cas elektrostatik adalah cas elektrik statik yang

tidak bergerak
Cas elektrostatik boleh dihasilkan dengan
menggosokkan dua bahan yang berlainan di
antara satu sama lain

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 7.1 Elektrostatik
Jenis cas elektrik statik dan sifat-sifatnya

Kehadiran cas eletrostatik

Cakera logam boleh dikesan dengan
menggunakan elektroskop
Perspeks Apabila bahan neutral dibawa
(penebat) berdekatan cakera logam,
Dinding keranjang emas tidak akan
kaca Kotak mencapah
logam Apabila bahan bercas di
bawah berdekatan cakera
Keranjang logam, keranjang emas akan
emas Rod logam mencapah
Ia boleh digunakan untuk
menentukan sama ada bahan
Tapak itu bercas positif atau negatif

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 7.1 Elektrostatik
Cas berlawanan menarik Cas yang sama menolak
satu sama lain satu sama lain

+ - + +
+ -- + +
+
+ - Belon bercas
Belon + Belon +- Belon + Belon + + Belon +
bercas A - B negatif A Belon
+ - B
positif + - Belon + + bercas
+ + + +
Menarik bercas positif
Menolak
positif

Daya yang bertanggungjawab menarik dan menolak

cas-cas ini dikenali sebagai daya elektrostatik

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7.2 Keelektrikan
Tenaga elektrik (keeletrikan) adalah bentuk
tenaga yang memainkan peranan pentinga
dalam kehidupan kita
Sumber tenaga elektrik :

* Generator : Merupakan alat yang menukarkan

tenaga mekanikal kepada tenaga elektrik
* Sel elektrik : Sel kering, akumulator asid-
plumbum dan sel merkuri menukarkan tenga
kimia kepada tenaga elektrik

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7.2 Keelektrikan
Arus, voltan dan rintangan

Arus ditakrifkan sebagai kadar pengaliran cas

Daya elektrik diperlukan untuk menggerakkan elektrik
dari satu titik kepada titik yang lain dalam konduktor
yang dipanggil voltan
Konduktor elektrik mempunyai ciri-ciri yang menentang
aliran arus elektrik.Ia dikenali sebagai rintangan. Jenis
konduktor yang berlainan mempunyai rintangan yang
berlainan
Arah arus elektrik daripada terminal positif bateri melalui
litar ke terminal negatif di mana aliran elektron adalah
dari terminal negatif kepada terminal positif
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7.3 Arus Elektrik, Voltan dan
Rintangan
Untuk mengukur arus, ammeter dihubungkan dalam litar
bersiri dengan perkakasan elektrik yang lain
Pemesongan jarum ammeter mununjukkan nilai arus
mengalir melalui mentol dan bahagian lain dalam litar
Unit SI bagi arus elektrik ialah ampere (A)
Untuk mengukur voltan, voltmeter dihubungkan secara
selari dengan komponen elektrik yang lain dalam litar
Pemesongan jarum voltmeter menunjukkan nilai voltan
melalui mentol
Unit SI bagi voltan adalah volt (V)
Unit SI bagi rintangan adalah ohm ()

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 7.4 Hubungan di antara Arus,
Voltan dan Rintangan

Prosedur
Pasangkan suis dan
laraskan reostat kepada
Batteri
Suis rintangan yang paling
Reostat kecil
A Ammeter Rekod bacaan ammeter
Mentol
dan voltmeter
Laraskan reostat dalam
V
Voltmeter kedudukan berlainan
dan rekod bacaan
ammeter dan voltmeter
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7.4 Hubungan di antara Arus, Voltan
dan Rintangan

Keputusan Graf
Voltan / V
Voltan (V) Arus (I)
1
Kecerunan
2 V
=
3 I
= R, rintangan
4
5
0 Arus / I

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7.4 Hubungan di antara Arus, Voltan
dan Rintangan
Kesimpulan
Voltan (V) adalah berkadar langsung dengan arus (I)

Nisbah voltan (V) kepada arus (I), V adalah tetap

I

V = IR V = Voltan
V I = Arus
I R R = Rintangan

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7.5 Litar Elektrik
Litar elektrik adalah laluan di mana arus elektrik
boleh mengalir
Simbol dalam litar

Komponen elektrik Simbol

Sel kering
Mentol
Perintang
Fius
Suis
Bateri

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 7.5 Litar Elektrik
Litar bersiri dan litar selari

Litar bersiri Litar selari

Komponen eletrik dalam litar Komponen eletrik dalam

bersiri dihubungkan dalam litar selari disambungkan
satu baris satu demi satu dalam beberapa baris

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 7.5 Litar Elektrik
Perbandingan di antara litar bersiri dan litar selari
Persamaan di antara litar bersiri dan litar selari
Sel kering adalah sumber tenaga elektrik
Suis mesti ditutup bagi membenarkan arus mengalir
Perbezaan di antara litar bersiri dan litar selari
Litar bersiri Litar selari
Hanya satu laluan arus mengalir Terdapat laluan yang berbeza
melalui mentol lampu bagi arus mengalir melalui setiap
Mentol lampu yang dihubungkan mentol
dalam litar bersiri menyala tidak Mentol lampu yang dihubungkan
secerah yang disambungkan dalam dalam litar selari menyala
litar selari dengan terang berbanding yang
Jika satu mentol tidak dihubungkan dalam litar bersiri
disambungkan, yang lain tidak Jika satu mentol cahaya tidak
akan menyala kerana litar tidak dihubungkan, yang lain masih
lengkap menyala. Arus masih mengalir
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7.6 Litar Bersiri V
V
Arus mengalir melalui setiap
mentol adalah sama dengan I
arus yang mengalir dalam I1 R1 I2 R2 I3 R3
litar
V V V
I = I1 = I 2 = I3 V1 V2 V3

Jumlah voltan yang melalui Jumlah rintangan dalam

setiap mentol adalah sama
dengan voltan yang melalui
litar
V = V1 + V2 + V3
litar, R adalah sama
dengan jumlah rintangan
setiap mentol
R = R1 + R2 + R3

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7.6 Litar Bersiri
Kebaikan dan keburukan litar bersiri

Kebaikan
Voltan yang melalui litar meningkat dan arus juga
meningkat apabila lebih sel dihubungkan dalam litar
bersiri. Maka mentol menyala dengan terang
Arus yang mengalir melalui setiap mentol adalah sama

Keburukan
Jika satu mentol terbakar, mentol yang lain tidak akan
menyala
Mentol menjadi malap apabila lebih banyak mentol
disambungkan dalam litar bersiri

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7.7 Litar Selari V
V

Voltan yang melalui litar I1 R1

adalah sama dengan voltan V1
yang melalui setiap mentol I V
I2 R2
V = V1 = V2
V
V2
Arus yang mengalir daripada
sumber tenaga Jumlah rintangan litar, R
adalah sama dengan jumlah adalah berdasarkan kepada
arus yang mengalir melalui formula
setiap mentol
1 1 1
= +
I = I1 + I 2 R R1 R2
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 7.7 Litar Selari
Kebaikan dan keburukan litar selari

Kebaikan
Arus boleh mengalir melalui litar selari dalam dua atau
lebih laluan
Setiap komponen elektrik boleh dikawal oleh suis yang
berasingan
Semua mentol akan menyala dengan kecerahan yang
sama
Keburukan
Apabila lebih mento disambungkan dalam litar selari,
perlahan-lahan sel kering akan menjadi lemah
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7.8 Kemagnetan
Medan magnet

Medan magnet adalah bahagian ruang yang di

sekelilingnya magnet yang mengenakan daya magnetik
ke atas bahan magnet
Ia terdiri daripada garis medan magnet
Garis medan magnet tidak akan melalui satu sama lain
dan selalunya bermula dari kutub utara dan hujungnya
berkutub selatan
Jarum kompas akan menunjukkan arah medan magnet
jika ia dibawa berdekatan medan magnet

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7.8 Kemagnetan
Bahagian yang bertanda X adalah bahagian neutral
yang bebas daripada kesan medan magnet

N S N
N X N
S

X
N N N S
N S X
S S S N
X

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7.9 Keelektromagnetan
Elektromagnet adalah sejenis magnet yang mana
kemagnetannya dihasilkan oleh aliran arus elektrik
Bentuk garis medan
magnet adalah sepusat
dan melengkung
mengelilingi wayar yang
membawa arus
Arah medan magnet boleh
ditentukan oleh petua Garis medan magnet
genggaman tangan kanan
dan peraturan skru Maxwell dihasilkan oleh wayar
lurus yang membawa
arus
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Tamat