Profile YR
grade Yc
Slope
YL stake
Subgrade
Catch XL XR
point
Cut or
Excavation
1
2
Fill or
Embankment
Slopes less than 45 or 1:2 ratio
Using Planimeter
where n +1 =1; 1-
1=n (5.1)
A1 A2
A3 A4
A = 189.52 m2
End Area Volume (VE)
Pyramid
Method
PRISMOIDAL FORMULA
Volume; V:
V = VE -
Shrinkage and Swelling are the change in
density when material is removed from its
natural state and placed in compacted fill.
Shrinkage happens when there is an
increase of density of the same mass of
material but occupies less space. Soil will
shrink.
Swelling happens when there is an
increase of density of the same mass of
material but occupies more space. Rock
will swell.
VF = (1 + s) VC
Where:
VF = Volume of Fill
VC = Volume of Cut
s = the shrinkage or swell
Given the end areas below, calculate
volumes of cut and fill between
station 351 + 00 and 352 + 50. if the
material shrinks 12%, how much
excess cut or fill is there?
Calculate earthwork volumes
Summary
k volume Balance
line Balance
line Direction
of Haul
Statio
n
Haul = (volume of material excavated)(average distance it is
transported)
AA maximum point of cut
curve that indicate
rising curve indicates
change from cut and fill in the direction
A falling curve indicates fill
AA horizontal
of line
the stationing
minimum thaton
point intersects
the curve thethat
curve
ofindicate
the mass diagram
change at balance
from points
fill to cut in the
between
direction which there is a balance of
of stationing
volume of cut and fill
Cumulativ
e
earthwork
volume
Balance
line Balance
line
Statio
n
A fixed distance within which the hauling of
materials is not paid but is assumed to be
already included in the cost of excavation.
The product if the volume in
excess of the free haul
distance and the length of
overhaul, in which payment is
already required.
O = VL
The distance between the center of gravity
of the mass of excavation beyond the free
haul mass and the center if gravity of the
resulting embankment minus the free haul
distance.
L = D-FH
The distance within which it is
more economical to haul materials
than to throw them as waste or
beyond without it is more
economical to borrow than haul.
Where: Cb= unit cost of borrow (cost per m3)
Ch= unit cost of haul (cost per m station)
C = length of basis of cost of haul (20m)
Calculate the costs of borrow
and overhaul represented by
the mass diagram below Free
haul distance is 3 stations.
Prices are as follows:
Borrow $10.00/m3
Overhaul $5.00/sta-m
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