Chapter 5:

Expressed as volumes (m3).

For linear facilities these are
calculated by estimating the areas
of earthworks on cross sections
taken at intervals along the facility
and multiplying the average of
adjacent cross-sectional areas by
the distance between them.
 It typically involves machine
excavation and fill or backfill

Example: Bulldozers, Back Hoe,

Loaders etc.
Civil Engineering use:

Itinclude roads, railway beds,

causeways, dams, and canals etc.
Other common earthworks are

land grading to reconfigure the

topography of a site, or to stabilize
slopes.
 Vertical distances are measured
from the profile grade elevation,
and the horizontal distances are
measured left to right from the
centerline.
 Existing ground
w
/2

Profile YR
grade Yc

Slope
YL stake
Subgrade

Catch XL XR
point
 Cut or
Excavation
1
2

Fill or
Embankment
Slopes less than 45 or 1:2 ratio
 Using Planimeter

Using Coordinate Method

n
o A = Xi (Yi+1 Yi-1)
i=1

where n +1 =1; 1-
1=n (5.1)
 A1 A2

A3 A4

A = ()(w/2)hL + ()(w/2)hR + (dL/2)C + (dR/2)C

or
A = ()(w)(hL +hR ) + ()(C) (dL +dR )
(5.2)
The following are notes for a
irregular cross section.
Compute the cross-sectional
area by dividing it into triangle
and trapezoids. The roadway is
14m wide and the sides are 1:2.
A = 53.68 + 46.50+ 131.57 + 19.47 16.00
-45.70

A = 189.52 m2
 End Area Volume (VE)

Where: A1 & A2 = end areas

L = distance between them
End Area Volume (VE); if one end is zero:

Pyramid
Method
 PRISMOIDAL FORMULA

PRISMOIDAL FORMULA FOR VOLUME; (VP):

PRISMOIDAL VOLUME CORRECTION FORMULA ;(V CP):

Volume; V:

V = VE -
 Shrinkage and Swelling are the change in
density when material is removed from its
natural state and placed in compacted fill.
Shrinkage happens when there is an
increase of density of the same mass of
material but occupies less space. Soil will
shrink.
Swelling happens when there is an
increase of density of the same mass of
material but occupies more space. Rock
will swell.
 VF = (1 + s) VC

Where:
VF = Volume of Fill
VC = Volume of Cut
s = the shrinkage or swell
 Given the end areas below, calculate
volumes of cut and fill between
station 351 + 00 and 352 + 50. if the
material shrinks 12%, how much
excess cut or fill is there?
Calculate earthwork volumes
 Summary

Excess fill = 4,062.4 1,073.9 (1.00-0.12) = 3,117.4m 3

 continuous graphical display of
cumulated values of cut and fill vs.
stations.
example of Summary Sheet:
Cu Fill Cu
t t
Cumulati dy
ve
earthwor X

k volume Balance
line Balance
line Direction
of Haul

Statio
n
Haul = (volume of material excavated)(average distance it is
transported)
 AA maximum point of cut
curve that indicate

rising curve indicates
change from cut and fill in the direction
A falling curve indicates fill
AA horizontal
of line
the stationing
minimum thaton
point intersects
the curve thethat
curve
ofindicate
the mass diagram
change at balance
from points
fill to cut in the
between
direction which there is a balance of
of stationing
volume of cut and fill

Cumulativ
e
earthwork
volume
Balance
line Balance
line

Statio
n
 A fixed distance within which the hauling of
materials is not paid but is assumed to be
already included in the cost of excavation.
 The product if the volume in
excess of the free haul
distance and the length of
overhaul, in which payment is
already required.

O = VL
 The distance between the center of gravity
of the mass of excavation beyond the free
haul mass and the center if gravity of the
resulting embankment minus the free haul
distance.

L = D-FH
 The distance within which it is
more economical to haul materials
than to throw them as waste or
beyond without it is more
economical to borrow than haul.
 Where: Cb= unit cost of borrow (cost per m3)
Ch= unit cost of haul (cost per m station)
C = length of basis of cost of haul (20m)
 Calculate the costs of borrow
and overhaul represented by
the mass diagram below Free
haul distance is 3 stations.
Prices are as follows:
Borrow $10.00/m3
Overhaul $5.00/sta-m

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