.

1/50,G4,Girija
APARTMENT,
100FT.ROAD-MMDA,
CHENNAI-600106.
PH:044 42845328
 The sound energy is introduced and
propagates through the materials in the form
of waves.
Whenever the sound waves meet another
interface of different acoustic impedance part
of energy will be reflected back.
The same occurs when it meets crack,
laminations or any discontinuities
Sound generated above 20,000 Hz is called
ultrasound.
The reflected wave signal is transformed into
electrical signal by the transducer and is
displayed on a screen.
(((( (((( ((((
))))
)))) )))) ))))
 Ultrasonic is the production of sound waves above
the frequency of human hearing [ above 20,000
Hz or 20 KHz or cycles per second ]
It can be used in a variety of applications such as,
distance measurements, liquid level
measurement. Ultrasonic is used in medicine and
robotics, security devices, laboratory and
industrial cleaners and a host of other
applications.
Bats use ultrasonic echo location to find its flying
path, search and catch insects. Bats operate in
the frequency range of 50 150 Hz.
 Reflection of sound occurs when the
acoustic impedance changes.
SOUND ENERGY
WAVELENGTH
The distance covered by one complete

cycle.
It is denoted by .
CYCLE
No. Complete Sequence.

Frequency
The number of cycles / second.

It is denoted by f.

Unit of f is Hz or cps.

Relation b/w f, V &

=v/f
wave length in mm
v velocity of ultrasound
f frequency in MHz
 PERIOD:
Time taken to complete one cycle
VELOCITY:

Velocity is the speed of energy transfer

between two
points.
Velocity= frequency x wavelength
 i.e. loss of energy
Due to absorption, scattering, beam
spreading
Atmosphere also absorbs some energy
Specific Acoustic Impedence (Z)
The product of density () and
acoustic velocity (V) of that material.
Z=.V
Where
Density of the Medium
V Acoustic Velocity of the
medium
SOME ACOUSTIC IMPEDENCE VALUES

AIR =0.0004
STEEL = 45.45
WATER =0.75
OIL =1.5
MERCURY =19.6
 Longitudinal or compression wave
Shear waves or transverse wave
Surface waves or Rayleighs wave
Lamb wave or plate waves
 The motion of the particles are parallel to
the direction of the wave
Travels in all media (solid, liquid & gases)
 Particle motions are perpendicular to the
wave propagation.
The velocity of transverse wave is equal
to half velocity of the longitudinal wave.
(3250)
Travels only in solid material.
 Propagate along the surface of a metal with
an elliptical particle motion.
The waves have a velocity of approximately
92 % of equivalent shear wave. (3000 app)
Surface wave has low attenuation and high
sensitivity for detection of surface defects.
 Plate waves, can be propagated only in
very thin metals.
Lamb waves are the most commonly
used plate waves in NDT.
The two most common types of travelling
is symmetrical and asymmetrical.
This technique can detect crack and
lamination in thin strips.
Its having multiple and varying wave
velocities.
LONGITUDINAL WAVE

SHEAR WAVE

RAYLIEGH WAVE
Air 330 m/s

Water 1480 m/s

Steel, long 5920 m/s

Steel, trans 3250 m/s

 Material Longitudinal
Shear
Steel 5920 3250
Aluminum 6320
3130
Acrylic 2730 1430
Water 1480 ------
Longitudinal Wave Velocity

Where:
VL = Longitudinal Wave Velocity
E = Modulus of Elasticity
= Density
= Poisson's Ratio
Shear Wave Velocity,
Where:
Vs = Shear Wave Velocity
E = Modulus of Elasticity
= Density
= Poisson's Ratio
G = Shear Modulus
Ultrasonic waves are reflected at boundaries where there
is a difference in acoustic impedances (Z) of the materials
on each side of the boundary

The greater the impedance mismatch, the greater the

percentage of energy that will be reflected at the
interface or boundary between one medium and another

Reflection Coefficient
 Transmission Coefficient,
T = 1-R

T = 1 -
 The near field distance depends on
the size and frequency of the
transducer and the effective wave
length in the test material.
 N= D2/4
WHERE,
D = DIAMETER OF THE CRYSTAL
= WAVE LENGTH
Where:
= Beam divergence angle from centerline to point where
signal is at half strength.
V = Sound velocity in the material. (m/sec)
D = Diameter of the transducer. (mm)
F = Frequency of the transducer. (cycles/second)
Where:
V1 is the wave velocity in material 1.
V2 is the velocity in material 2.
1 is Incident angle
2 is Refracted angle
 Electrical Energy is converted into
Mechanical Energy

+
Battery

Piezoelectrical
Crystal (Quartz)
Piezo electric effect.
Converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy and vice versa.
Using crystal metal.

Piezo electric material.

Lithium sulphates, polarized lithium
sulphate, barium titanate, lead zincronate
& titanate.
Direct effect
The mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
Reverse effect
The electrical energy is converted to
mechanical energy.
 NORMAL PROBE
TWIN CRYSTAL OR T/R PROBE
ANGLE PROBE
 socket Delay / protecting face
crystal Electrical matching
Damping Cable

TR-probe Angle beam probe

Straight beam probe
 Pulse echo technique
Through transmission technique
Resonance technique
 IMMERSION METHOD
1 2
surface = water delay
sound entry

backwall flaw

IP 1 IP
IE IE 2

BE BE
F

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Contact method
 Through transmission signal

1 T R 1

2
2 T R
0 2 4 6 8 10

Flaw
This method makes use of the phenomenon
of resonance or stationary waves, which are
produced when a continuous beam of
ultrasonic energy is introduced into the
specimen of correct thickness. When
thickness, d, is exactly equal to the half of the
wave length the specimen will vibrate with its
natural frequency. These vibrations react on
the transmitter and can be recorded.
Continuous variation of the wave length of
the incident ultrasonic beam is employed will
reveal points of resonance and form these
the thickness of the specimen can be
determined.
 A - Scan Display

B - Scan Display

C Scan Display

S Scan Display
 A typical A-scan system records both the
amplitude and depth of a defect on the
CRT oscilloscope screen
The height of an echo relates to the

amplitude of the
reflected sonic power, which indirectly
relates to the magnitude of the discontinuity
Amplitud
e

Time or
depth
 Cross sectional view of the object being
tested and
shows the length and depth of a flaw in
the test
material
 Two dimensional graphical presentation, in
which
the discontinuity echoes are displayed in a top
view on
the test specimen surface
V1 BLOCK
Both Normal & Angle probe
V2 BLOCK
Only for angle probe
DAC BLOCK (Distance amplitude Curve)
ASTM Flat Bottom Hole Block (Normal
probe)
ASTM Side Drill Hole Block (Angle probe)
STEP BLOCK
Only Normal probe
 STUDY THE JOB
PROBE SELECTION
UPTO 100 MM JOB THICK TO USE 4 MHz PROBE
ABOVE 100 MM JOB THICK TO USE 2 MHz PROBE
CALIBRATION
TO CALIBRATE THE EQUIPMENT USING
STANDARD BLOCKS.
DRAW DAC (DISTANCE AMPLITUDE
CORRECTION) CURVE
SCANNING THE TEST PART
 VERTICAL LINEARITY CHECKING(Size of
the defect)
HORIZONTAL LINEARITY CHECKING(Depth
of the
defect)
RESOLUTION CHECKING
SENSITIVITY CHECKING
PENETRATION CHECKING
DEAD ZONE CHECKING
RANGE SETTING
ABOVE JOB
THICKNESS
JOB THICK HOLE DIAMETER
<25mm 2.4 mm
25 to 51mm 3.2 mm
51 to 102mm 4.8 mm
102 to 152mm 6.4 mm
152 to 203mm 7.9 mm
203 to 254mm 9.5 mm
 Acoustic signals from the same
reflecting surface will have different
amplitude at different distance from the
transducer. DAC provides a means of
establishing a graphic reference level
sensitivity as a function of sweep
distance on the A-scan display.
SCANNING db
SCANNING db = REF db + T.Ldb + 6db

EVALUATION db
SCANNING = db -6db
 The starting point of the defect echo
gives the depth 0f the defect
1. STUDY OF WELD
2. PROBE SELECTION(FREQUENCY, ANGLE)
FREQUENCY
UPTO 50MM TO USE 4MHz PROBE
ABOVE 50MM TO USE 2MHz PROBE
ANGLE
BASED ON GROOVE ANGLE
PROBE ANGLE = 90 - /2 (or) 90-T
AWS GIVEN BASED ON THICKNESS IS
0 30 MM 700 PROBE
30 40 MM 600 PROBE
ABOVE 40 MM 450 PROBE
3. CALIBRATION
TO CALIBRATE THE EQUIPMENT USING STANDARD BLOCKS.
4. DRAW DAC (DISTANCE AMPLITUDE CORRECTION) CURVE
5. SCANNING THE TEST PART
 Half Skip Distance = T x tan

Full Skip Distance = 2T x tan

One and half Skip Distance = 3T

x tan

Where,
T Thickness of the Material
Probe Angle
 Beam Path = T / cos

Full Beam Path = 2T / cos

One and half Beam Path = 3T /

cos
RANGE SETTING
RANGE = 1.25 x FBP +1/2 WELD WIDTH

GATE SETTING
HBP to FBP
ASTM SIDE DRILL HOLE BLOCK(ANGLE
PROBE)
SCANNING db
SCANNING db = REF db + T.Ldb + 6db

EVALUATION db
SCANNING = db -6db
DISTANCE OF THE DEFECT FROM THE
PROBE:
IF P< HBP
DOD = Pcos
IF P, HBP TO FBP
DOD = 2T PCos
IF P > FBP
DOD = 3T - PCos

Where
P position of the defect echo. (beam
path distance)
 Location of the Defect = P X sin

Where
Angle of the probe
P position of the defect echo
 Lack of Fusion
Porosity

Slag inclusion
Crack

Lack of Penetration
 Depth of penetration for flaw detection or
measurement is superior to other
methods
Fast response time, Permits high speed
automatic testing in ultrasonic systems.
Ultrasonic testing has the advantage of
detecting discontinuities with access to
only one side of the test specimen.
Accurate determination
There is no human hazardous.
 Provides indirect indication, discontinuities can
not be identified directly.
Surface finish and roughness can interfere
with inspection.
Requires full scanning of entire test area.
Requires a coupling medium which makes
recording difficulties.
Thin parts may be difficult to inspect.
Reference standards are often needed.
Discontinuities must be intercepted
perpendicularly.
Technician skill is more important than other
methods.
THANK YOU