&
Propagation
Revision Antennas
Propagation
Antennas &
-1-
Mischa Dohler
Antennas &
Revision Antennas
Propagation
Review
-3-
Antennas &
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-I-
Mathematical Basics
Fourier Transform
S ( f ) s(t ) e j 2ft
dt
Revision Antennas
Nabla Vector x y z
Propagation
x y z
Antennas &
-5-
x y z
x y z
D x D y D z
D
x y z
H ...
grad
D div D H rot H
Maxwells Equations
div D div B 0
D 0 E
B 0 H
Revision Antennas
Propagation
B D
Antennas &
-6-
They seem
rot E coupled. rot H J
t t
rot and div merely characterise the
B D
rot E rot H J
t t
THE KEY TO ANY OPERATING ANTENNA
Revision Antennas
Propagation
Antennas &
-7-
B D
rot E rot H J
t t
Suppose: 1. There is a time varying current density J.
Revision Antennas
field H
3. This causes location and time varying magnetic
flux B.
4. This causes location and time varying electric field E.
Transmission Line
Maxwells Equations
Intuitive
Antennas &
B D
div D div B 0 rot E rot H J
t t
1 2
(r , t ) 1 2
A
2 2 2 A 2 2 J (r , t )
Revision Antennas
c t 2 c t
Propagation
-11-
Antennas &
A
E B (r , t ) A
t
Hertzian Dipole
1
2
Revision Antennas
1 1
H I L k sin e
2 jkr
Propagation
-12-
Antennas &
4 jkr jkr
1
jkr
2
1
3
Er I L k cos e
2
2 jkr jkr
1 1
2
1
3
E I L k sin e
2 jkr
4 jkr jkr jkr
Near and Far Fields
Near Field Approximation Far Field Approximation
Fresnel Region Fraunhofer Region
k r 1 k r 1
I L cos
Er Er 0
j 2kr 3
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-13-
Antennas &
I L sin
E E H
j 4kr 3
H H ,max r sin e j ( kr t )
E H
Revision Antennas
H E
Propagation
-14-
Antennas &
=90 y r >>
x
Polarisation
H E
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-15-
Antennas &
z Linear
E
Linear (tilted)
-x
Circular
Elliptical
Power Density S (Pointing Vector)
Pointing
Averaged Power Density w ReS Re 1 E H*
2 Vector S
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-16-
Antennas &
Hertzian Dipole
r 2
1 I 2 L sin 2
Re S Re Er E 0 ReS
2 0 8 r2
0 H*
Total Power P
Antennas &
2
P Re S r 2
sin d d
0 0
Hertzian Dipole
2 2 2
I L
2
2 L
P sin d d
3
P I
0 0
8 3
Radiation Resistance Rr
Antennas &
1 1 2
UI I Rr P
2 2
Hertzian Dipole
2 2 2
2 L L L
Rr 80 2 789
3
Antenna Impedance ZA
V ( 0)
-19-
Antennas &
ZA
I Antenna
If IAntenna = Imax then ZA impedance referred to the loop current
If IAntenna = I(0) then ZA impedance referred to the base current
Resistance
V ( 0)
ZA RA jX A
I ( 0) Reactance
Equivalent Circuit
Zg Loss within Antenna
Rg Xg RLoss
RA
V
ZA
Revision Antennas
XA
Propagation
-20-
Antennas &
V ( 0)
ZA RA jX A
I ( 0)
Resistance Reactance
Vg Vg
I
Z g Z A Rr RLoss Rg j X A X g
1 2
Propagation
-21-
Pr I Rr
Antennas &
2
Maximum Power Pmax is delivered for conjugate matching:
1 V
2 Rr RLoss Rg
Pr
4 Rr RLoss
X A Xg
Antenna Parameters
5. Equivalent Circuit
Propagation
-22-
Antennas &
6. Load matching
7. Effective Length le
8. Effective Area Ae
Antennas &
Revision Antennas
Propagation
- II -
Wire Antennas
Finite Length Dipole
jk
H I 0 e jkr le
4r
Revision Antennas
E H
Propagation
-24-
Antennas &
sin
le I ( z ) e jkzcos
dz
I ( 0) L
1 1
I ( z ) I max sin k L z , I max I (0) / sin kL
2 2
L/a > 60 : Halln's Integral Transmission Line
Halln's Integral Equation
Objective:
(1) Current distribution I along a wire
(2) Input impedance
Revision Antennas
Antennas &
Pattern Factor P
P
cos 1 kL cos cos 1 kL
2 2
sin
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-26-
Antennas &
Radiation Power
Radiation Resistance Rr
Directivity D
Reciprocity
Antennas &
Definitions of Impedances
1
Z 21 E z , 21 z I 2 z dz
I 1 ( 0) I 2 ( 0) L 2
Z 21 R21 j X 12
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-28-
Antennas &
1
I 2 ( z ) I 2,max sin k L2 z
2
Electromagnetic Field in the Near Field:
z
P(r, , )
Revision Antennas
Propagation
y
-29-
Antennas &
1 e jkr
H j sin P0 2 f 1 E H
2 r
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-30-
Antennas &
N 1
f 1 I n e jk d n 1
n 0
Uniform Array
N 1
f 1 I n e jk d n 1 I n 1 e j n
n 0
N 1
f u e
Array
Revision Antennas
j nu
Propagation
u kd 1
-31-
Antennas &
Factor
n 0 kd cos
Maximum (Main Beam) for u = 0 : cos
kd
Broadside Array Endfire Array
90 0 kd 0
Array Polynomial
N 1
f A0 A1 z AN 1 z PN 1 ( z )
u=/2
Walking along the circle is like
walking around the array
1
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-32-
u=0
Antennas &
f ( z ) z z1 z z 2 z z N 1
x
Uda-Yagi Antenna
Revision Antennas
Sheet Reflector
Propagation
-33-
Antennas &
Folded Dipole
Driver
Feeding Mast
5-6 Directors
Helical Antenna
Antennas &
sidelobes
z
2. HPBW 1/(Number of turns)
3. Circular Polarisation
(orientation helix orientation)
y 4. Wide Bandwidth
Antennas &
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-37-
Antennas &
Wire Antennas
1. Hertzian Dipole
3. Antenna Array
4. Uda-Yagi
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-38-
Antennas &
5. Turnstile
6. Loop
7. Helix
8. Quadrifilar Helix
9. Frequency Independent
Antennas
-39-
Antennas &
Revision Antennas
Propagation
- III -
Aperture Antennas
Huygens Principle
P
Propagation
-40-
Antennas &
r
en
r
J,
y
x
k e jkr'
E j e n Es er' e n Hs er' er' d
4 Surface
r'
Aperture Plane
To
w
ar
ds
in
fin
Aperture Plane
ity
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-41-
Antennas &
TE10
Antennas &
Impedance Matching
through flare
TE10 mode
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-43-
Antennas &
Radiation
No Radiation
Patch Structure
Feed
Patch
Revision Antennas
Propagation
-44-
Antennas &
Substrate
---- ++++ t
r d
++++ ----
Parabolic Reflector
4
Revision Antennas
D r 2
Propagation
2
-45-
Antennas &
Ae ap Aph
ap Aperture Efficiency = 80%
Practical Considerations
Antennas &
- Imperfect Ground
- Feeding