Defined as:
..a machine to transfer a fluid
WHAT ARE THE TYPES?
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Diaphragm
Flexible Vane
WHAT ARE THE TYPES?
CENTRIFUGAL
CENTRIGUAL PUMP MAIN COMPONENTS
Channel
Grinder
Vortex
Terminology
General Terms Liquid Properties
Density
Viscosity
Solution
All must be known
Mixture
to make a correct
pump selection
Suspension
Vapour Pressure
Ph
Temperature
VISCOSITY
1 m3 of water 1 m3 of sulphuric
= s.g. of 1 acid = s.g. of 1.8
Ph VALUE
Concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution is a
measure of the acidity of the solution.
Exercises
1.What generally determines the type of
submersible pump?
2. Is the solid diameter the only
consideration?
Answer:
1. Size of the solids
2. No, the type of solid material
i.e. is it tissue, hair etc.
TERMS TO KNOW In a Pumping System
Suction lift
Suction head
Capacity (Flow Rate)
Static Head
All must be known to
Dynamic Head
make a correct
pump selection
System Curve
Total Dynamic Head
The Pump hydraulics
Head
NPSH
Pumping Systems
PUMPING
SYSTEMS
FUEL
PUMP
PIPE
1.2 m
6m
PUMP 4.5 m To
DN 80 (3) Pipe
Loading
6m 6m
Rack
0.6 m
Flooded suction implies that the liquid level is above the inlet of the pump
Flooded suction arrangements usually use standard centrifugal pump
Self-priming pumps are often used to handle liquids with high vapour pressures to avoid vapour lock
or ancillary equipment
is installed
PUMPING SYSTEMS
CAPACITY
Static head also accounts for the pressure differential between the point of
suction and the point of discharge
Exercise
Answer
1. Pressure
2. 27.27 m3/h
PUMPING SYSTEMS STATIC HEAD
Example 1 6m
1.2 m
6m Hs
PUMP DN 80 (3) 4.5 m To
Pipe Loading
6m 6m
Rack
0.6 m
Head
A pump must overcome
the resistance of a pumping Pump Resistance
system in order to cause
the liquid to flow
completely through the
system
3
m /h l/min
15 20
1/2" 3/4"
25 32
1" 1" 1"
40 50
2"
65
2"
80
3"
100
4"
125
5"
150
6"
175
7"
200
8"
250
10" Hazen-Williams formula :
3 50 V 4.72 2.65 1.7 1.04 0.66 0.42
hr 246 58.2 21.1 5.6 1.75 0.61
3.6 60 V 3.18 2.04 1.24 0.8 0.51 V = Water speed (m/sec)
hr 82 30 8 2.48 0.86 hr = Friction losses (m/100 m of pipe)
4.2 70 V 3.72 2.38 1.45 0.93 0.59 Multiply friction losses by :
6,05 x Q 1,85 x 10 6
hr 110 40 10.8 3.33 1.14 0,8 for stainless steel pipes
4.8 80 V 4.25 2.72 1.66 1.06 0.68 1,25 for slighty rusty steel pipes
5.4 90 V
hr 141 51.5 13.9 4.3 1.46
3.06 1.87 1.19 0.76 0.45
1,7 for encrusted pipes (in w hich scales reduce
inner diameter)
p= xL
C 1,85 x d 4,87
hr 64 17.5 5.4 1.82 0.46 0,7 for aluminium pipes
6 100 V 3.4 2.07 1.33 0.85 0.5 0,7 for PVC and PE pipes
hr 79 21.4 6.6 2.22 0.56 1,3 for fiber-cement pipes
9 150 V 3.11 1.99 1.27 0.75 0.5
hr 47 14.2 4.74 1.21 0.43
12 200 V 4.15 2.65 1.7 1.01 0.66
hr 82 24.5 8.1 2.1 0.74
15 250 V 5.18 3.32 2.12 1.26 0.83 0.53 P = friction loss ( metre/1 metre of pipe)
hr 126 37.5 12.3 3.2 1.12 0.36
18 300 V 3.98 2.55 1.51 1 0.64
hr 53 17.3 4.5 1.58 0.51 Q = flow (litres/minute)
24 400 V 5.31 3.4 2.01 1.33 0.85
30 500 V
hr 92 29.5
6.63 4.25
7.8
2.51
2.7 0.89
1.66 1.06 0.68
C = coefficient in according to type of pipe
hr 140 44.8 12 4.13 1.36 0.48
36 600 V
hr
5.1
63
3.02
16.9
1.99 1.27 0.82
5.8 1.93 0.68
for cast iron pipes = 100
42 700 V 5.94 3.52 2.32 1.49 0.95
48 800 V
hr 84
6.79
22.6
4.02
7.8 2.6
2.65 1.70 1.09 0.75
0.9 for steel pipes = 120
hr 108 29 10 3.35 1.16 0.43
54 900 V 7.64 4.52 2.99 1.91 1.22 0.85 for stainless steel and copper pipes = 140
hr 134 36 12.5 4.2 1.45 0.54
60 1000 V 5.03 3.32 2.12 1.36 0.94
hr 44.5 15.2 5.14 1.76 0.66 d = inner diameter (mm)
90 1500 V 7.54 4.98 3.18 2.04 1.42 1.04
hr 96 32.6 11.2 3.77 1.42 0.68
120 2000 V 6.63 4.25 2.72 1.89 1.39 1.06 0.68 L = pipe length (m)
hr 56 19.4 6.5 2.43 1.18 0.58 0.16
PUMPING SYSTEMS FRICTION HEAD LOSSES
Every component of a pumping system has associated
friction losses
Friction loss tables can be obtained from the component manufacturer or
various other reference sources
Friction losses are a function of capacity and component size
Fittings and valves diameter in mm (DN)
25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300
equivalent lenght in m
Elbow 45 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 1,2 1,5 2,1 2,7 3,3 3,9
FITTINGS 90
90 long radius
0,6
0,6
0,9
0,6
1,2
0,6
1,5
0,9
1,8
1,2
2,1
1,5
3,0
1,8
3,6
2,4
4,2
2,7
5,4
3,9
6,6
4,8
8,1
5,4
AND Fittings Tee
Cross
1,5
1,5
1,8
1,8
2,4
2,4
3,0
3,0
3,6
3,6
4,5
4,5
6,0
6,0
7,5
7,5
9,0 10,5
9,0 10,5
15,0
15,0
18,0
18,0
VALVES Gate valve
Non-return valve
-
1,5
-
2,1
-
2,7
0,3
3,3
0,3
4,2
0,3
4,8
0,6
6,6
0,6 0,9
8,3 10,4 13,5
1,2 1,5
16,5
1,8
19,5
FRICTION
This table considers fittings made in steel (coefficient C = 120) .
LOSSES If you have different material , multiply by :
0,723 if cast iron (C = 100)
1,320 if stainless steel or copper (C = 140)
Worksheet 1
Hotel Lowara
Worked Example
Answer
Pipe 40mm cast iron
1. 6.6 metres
2. 7.92 and 5.02 metres
PUMPING SYSTEMS FRICTION 6m
HEAD LOSSES
Example 1
PUMP 4.5 m To
DN 80 (3)
Pipe 6 m Loading
6m
Rack
0.6 m
6m Hs
PUMP DN 80 (3) 4.5 m To
Pipe Loading
6m 6m
Rack
0.6 m
Hotel Lowara
Worked Example
speed
speed
PUMPING SYSTEMS TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Rough conversion
Metres of head = (bar x 10) / specific gravity
Reminder
PUMPING SYSTEMS TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Static Head
+
Dynamic Head
=
Total Dynamic Head
PUMPING SYSTEMS TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
6m
Example 1
PUMP 4.5 m To
DN 80 (3)
Pipe 6 m Loading
6m
Rack
0.6 m
6m
PUMP DN 80 (3) 4.5 m To
Pipe Loading
6m 6m
Rack
0.6 m
Hotel Lowara
70 metres
shown.
Approx. 20 metres
ITT Fluid Technology - Commercial Products Group
Dynamic head
Static head
Capacity
A system curve shows:
- the static head component
( this is constant over the entire capacity range)
- the dynamic head component ( which increases with capacity)
Hotel Lowara
70 metres
The system curve of the
worked example
metres 2 metres
7.5
Tank
70
The end user can change the shape of the System curve by opening or
closing system valves, changing equipment or piping layouts, and
varying the liquid levels in the suction or discharge tanks
Worksheet 5
Hotel Lowara
70 metres
Capacity: 150 l/min
Pipe length: 180 metres
No. bends: 8
Tank No. tees 3
Unions 4
What is the new total head?
All other information as before.
119.06 (120) metres
Pump Performance
Curves
ITT
PUMP HYDRAULICS
Now we know
the required duty
Pump Curve Graph
45
40
35
30
Head m
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Capacity m3/h
Plotted Duty Points
45
40
35
30
Head m
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Capacity m3/h
Plotted Curve
45
40
35
30
Head m
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 30 36 42 48 60 72 84
Capacity m3/h
ITT Fluid Products Group
Q-
H
Capacity
Composite Curves
45
40
35
30
Head m
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 30 36 42 48 60 72 84
Capacity m3/h
PUMP HYDRAULICS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
200 (8)
150
(6)
Capacity
Holding a constant speed, the H-Q curve for any given pump can be altered by varying the
impeller diameter
The output of these changes are covered by the affinity laws :
Q1 : Q2 = d1 : d2
Efficiency Curve
80
70
60
50
Head m
40
30
20
10
0
0 25 30 43 54 68 76 83 87
Capacity m3/h
PUMP HYDRAULICS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
62%
150 (6)
65%
Capacity
The best efficiency point (BEP) is the highest efficiency point on the
curve
Typical Performance Curve
P1
P2
Power Requirements
ITT
PUMP HYDRAULICS
Head
200 (8) CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
150 Q-
(6) H
Power in Kw
(bhp)
Q-
P
Capacity
Pump curves typically show the absorbed power(brake horsepower)
required to operate the pump at various points along its Head-Capacity
curve
The absorbed power shown on the curve is based on pumping water
(specific gravity = 1.0)
Typical Performance Curve
Power Absorbed
Curves
Products Group
PUMP HYDRAULICS
PUMP CURVE
A given pump will
generate the same
Why are pump curves given in
terms of meters of head
meters of head
(feet) instead of kPa (PSI)? regardless of the
liquid being pumped
but...
...the discharge
pressure will vary
with the specific
gravity of the liquid!
Centrifugal pumps
develop head - not
pressure!
ITT Fluid Technology - Commercial Products Group
Water Gasoline
7 bar 5 bar
(100 psi) (72 psi)
Two identical pumps operating in identical systems will develop the same
head but...
discharge gauges will give different readings if the specific gravity of the
liquids being pumped is different
ITT Fluid Technology - Commercial Products Group
Water Gasoline
= 1 Kg/litre (8.33 lbs/gal) = 0.72 Kg/litre (6.0 lbs/gal)
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a liquid to its volume
Relative specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a liquid to the
weight of water
The relative specific gravity of gasoline is 0.72 / 1 = 0.72
PUMP HYDRAULICS SPECIFIC GRAVITY
All pressure information is converted to absolute units, metres of head or feet by using the
specific gravity of the liquid being pumped
Answer:
1. 39.24 and 56.06 metres
ITT Fluid Technology - Commercial Products Group
Capacity
By keeping the impeller diameter constant, the H-Q curve for any
given pump can be altered by varying the pump speed
The output of these changes are covered by the affinity laws :
Q1 : Q2 = n1 : n2
PUMP HYDRAULICS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
The actual absorbed power must be corrected for specific gravity
Absorbed power Correction
Simply multiply the absorbed power shown on the curve by the specific
gravity of the liquid being pumped
Power kW = Q. Q = m3/h
H. H = metres
.k = specific gravity
= efficiency
k= 367 for kW calculation
NPSH
PUMP HYDRAULICS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
Q-
H
NPSHr in
metres (feet)
Q-
NPSHr
Capacity
Pump curves typically show the Net Positive Suction Head Required to
operate the pump at each point along its Head-Capacity curve
Inside the pump
Pressure drop
in pump
ITT
PUMP HYDRAULICS
Q-
H
H1 NPSHr in metres
(feet)
Q- NPSHr1
NPSHr Capacity
Q1
NPSHr increases with capacity
The NPSHr value for a particular application is determined at the designated
flow rate
Typical Performance Curve
PUMP HYDRAULICS
MENTAL NOTE Lets talk
NPSH
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CURVE
Atmospheric pressure
Pressurized tank
Vacuum tank
SPEED
LIMIT
12
m/s
Accelerating the liquid from zero to its ultimate velocity
results in Velocity head loss
Without sufficient pressure the liquid will flash into a gas and
become unpumpable.
PUMP HYDRAULICS
Just Give NPSHa
Me The
Formulae
ITT
PUMP HYDRAULICS
QUICK FORMULA NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa & NPSHr
Reducing coefficients
Q-
H
Capacity
ITT
2
n1 NPSH1 1
NPSH = =
n2 NPSH2 4
3
n1 P1 1
Power = =
n2 P2 8
PUMP HYDRAULICS SELECTING A PUMP
In order to properly select a pump you need to know the
facts :
Liquid characteristics
Pumping system design
TDH
Capacity
NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS MENTAL NOTE
System Curve
Head Q-
H
H1 Operating Point
NPSH
Q - NPSH NPSHr1
Q1 Capacity
ITT
PUMP HYDRAULICS
SELECTING A PUMP
Duty Point
Duty required:
60 m3/h at 3.2 bar (32 metres)
Pump performance:
Capacity: 60 m3/h
Head: 32.8 metres
Efficiency: 76.2%
NPSHr: 2.8 metres
Power: 7.0 kW
Worksheet 8
Hotel Lowara
70 metres
1. 100 l/min at 98 metres
2. 150 l/min at 120 metres
Tank
1. SV4 20
2. SV 811
WORKSHEET No. 9
3m
50mm
6m
Q Q
Q max required Q max required
Constant Flow System
Know first minimum and maximum values for pressure and working flow
value
H
50
Hz
45
Hz
40
Hz
B 35
Hz
30
Hz
Q
50
Hz
45
B Hz
pmax 40
Hz
pmin 35
Hz
30
Hz
Q pmax
Qmin Qmax
Viscous Liquid
Pump Selection
WORKSHEET No. 10
Viscous Correction
Assume Duty of: 60 m3/h @ 3.0 bar
Liquid: Ethylene Glycol
Temperature: -20C
Viscosity: 65 Centistokes
S.G: 1.1
Select a pump
First Task:
Convert 3.0 bar into absolute figures (feet/ metres)
Produced by
Hydraulic Institute
H Viscosity Factors
% = 0.73
Q
Q% = 0.98
%
HBEP = 0.94
H+20% = 0.92
H-20% = 0.95
H-40% = 0.975
With Water
Duty Point
Correction Points
Power Correction Points
Duty Point
10.17 kW
8.82 kW
Pump Selection
FHE/ S 50-160/110
11 kW 2900 rpm
To confirm:
Seal Type and
elastomers are
suitable for liquid
and temperature
stated