Dynamics 70 M6 Spectrum

Module 6
Spectrum Analysis
Module 6
Spectrum Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
A. Define a spectrum analysis and its purpose.
B. Understand the underlying concepts and terminology.
C. Learn how to do a response spectrum analysis.
D. Guidelines for spectrum analysis.
E. Random Vibration Analysis
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Spectrum Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is spectrum analysis?
A technique to compute a structures
response to transient excitations that contain
many frequencies.
Excitations could be from sources such as
earthquakes, aircraft noise/ flight history,
missile launches.
A spectrum is a representation of a loads
time history in the frequency domain.
This is also referred to as response
spectrum.
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Spectrum Analysis
Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
El Centro Earthquake ( 1940 )
Acceleration vs. time Acceleration spectrum (G vs. Hz)
A structure subject to the El Centro earthquake can be analyzed

using either a Transient analysis or spectrum analysis.
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Spectrum Analysis
DYNAMICS 7.0
Spectrum analysis follows a modal analysis.
Computes the maximum response of the structure to a given
spectrum at each natural frequency. This maximum response is
computed as scale factor*mode shape.
These maximum responses are then combined to give a total
response of the structure.
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Spectrum Analysis
DYNAMICS 7.0
An alternative is to perform a transient analysis.
Transient analysis is generally more time consuming, especially
when a number of components and load conditions have to be
considered.
However, transient analysis is more accurate.
In spectrum analysis the focus is to get the maximum response
quickly, and some information is lost (phase).
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Spectrum Analysis
DYNAMICS 7.0
Used in the design of:
Nuclear power plants (buildings and components)
Airborne Electronic equipment (aircraft / missile)
Spacecraft components
Aircraft components
Any structure or component that is subjected to seismic or other
erratic loads
Building frames and bridges
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Spectrum Analysis
DYNAMICS 7.0
ANSYS allows four types of spectrum analysis:
Single-point response spectrum**
A single response spectrum excites all specified points in the model.
Multi-point response spectrum **
Different response spectra excite different points in the model.
Dynamic design analysis method (DDAM)
A specific type of spectrum defined by the U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory to evaluate shock resistance of shipboard equipment.
Power Spectral Density (PSD)**
A probabilistic approach used in random vibration analysis.
** Covered in this seminar
March
Spectrum Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Topics covered:
Definition of a spectrum
How a response spectrum is used to calculate a structures
response to the excitation
Participation factor
Mode coefficient
Mode combination
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Spectrum Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Definition of spectrum Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is a spectrum?
A curve representing the maximum response of an idealized
system to an excitation. The response may be acceleration,
velocity, displacement, or force.
Consider, for example, four single-DOF spring-mass systems
mounted on a shaker table. Their frequencies are f1, f2, f3, and f4,
with f1 < f2 < f3 < f4.
1 2 3 4
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DYNAMICS 7.0
If the shaker table is excited at frequency f1
and the displacement response of the four u
systems is recorded, it will look as shown
on the right.
Now add a second excitation of frequency
f3 and record the displacement response.
f
Systems 1 and 3 will each reach their peak
response.
u
If now a general excitation containing
several frequencies is applied and only the
peak responses are recorded, we might get
the curve shown. This curve is the f
spectrum, specifically a response u
spectrum.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Thus a response spectrum is an envelope of the maximum
responses of a number of single DOF systems to a given
excitation.
Input to a spectrum analysis consists of a response spectrum
curve and a direction of excitation.
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Approach Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Spectrum analysis follows a modal analysis in which natural
frequencies and mode shapes have been computed.
In doing a spectrum analysis you will encounter three new
terms:
Participation factor
Mode coefficient
Mode combination
We will define these three terms along with the general outline
of how a spectrum analysis is done.
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Approach - Participation factor Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
For each mode of the structure, a participation factor i is
calculated in the excitation direction.
The participation factor is a function of the mode shape and the
direction of excitation.
This is a measure of how much a mode will contribute to the
deflections (and hence stresses) in the direction of excitation.
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Approach - Participation factor Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
For example, consider the cantilever beam shown.
If an excitation is applied in Y direction, mode 1 will have the
highest PF and mode 2 a lower PF. Mode 3 will have zero PF.
If the excitation is in the X direction, then modes 1 and 2 will have
zero PF, whereas mode 3 will have a high PF.
Y
mode2
2 mode3
X
mode1
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Approach - Mode coefficient Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
The mode coefficient is the scale factor used to multiply the
mode shapes to get the maximum response.
The mode coefficient Ai for each mode is Ai = Si i *
Si is the response spectrum value at frequency i
i is the participation factor for mode i
The maximum modal response is then computed as
{U}i max = Ai { i
*A different formula is used for acceleration, velocity and force spectra;

see the ANSYS Theory Manual.
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Approach - Mode combination Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Once the maximum response at each mode is known for a given
response spectrum, these need to be combined in some way to
get the total response.
The simplest combination is to add all the maximum modal
responses. However, it is highly unlikely that all the maximum
modal responses will occur at the same time.
Several standard combination methods are published in the
literature. Usually each industrys regulating authority
recommends or enforces a technique most suitable for that
industry.
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Approach - Mode combination Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Six different combination methods are available in the ANSYS
program:
Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method
Grouping Method (GRP)
Double Sum method (DSUM)
Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) method
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) sum method (DDAM)
Power Spectral Density method
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Spectrum Analysis
Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
We will discuss the procedure for a single-point response
spectrum analysis.
In the following discussion, we will use the term response
spectrum to mean single-point response spectrum.
To learn about multi-point response spectrum and DDAM, please
refer to the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide.
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C. Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Five main steps:
Build the model
Obtain the modal solution
Switch to spectrum analysis type
Define the response spectrum
Solve and review results
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Response Spectrum Procedure
Obtain the Modal Solution Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block Lanczos, subspace, or reduced.
Block Lanczos strongly recommended
Extract enough modes to cover the spectrums frequency content.
Expand all modes. Only expanded modes can be used for the
spectrum solution.
Loads and BCs: For a base excitation, be sure to constrain the
appropriate DOFs.
Files: The .mode file contains the eigenvectors and is needed for the
spectrum solution.
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Switch to Spectrum Analysis Type Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model

Exit and re-enter Solution
New analysis: Spectrum
Analysis options: Discussed next
Damping: Discussed next
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Analysis options
Type of spectrum: Single point
Number of modes: If 0 or blank, all expanded modes are used for
solution.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Damping
Available forms of damping are:
Beta (stiffness) damping
Constant damping ratio. Can be
material dependent but only if
specified as a material property*
in the modal step.
Frequency dependent damping
ratio (modal damping)
Some form of damping must be
specified for the CQC mode
combination method.
*Material property DAMP in this case

is damping ratio, not beta damping.
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Define the Response Spectrum Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model

Settings: type of spectrum and excitation direction
Table of spectral value versus frequency
Mode combination method
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Settings:
Type of spectrum
Seismic or force (not PSD)
Seismic spectra - automatically
applied at the base
Force spectrum - manually
applied at desired nodes as a
force
Excitation direction (global Cartesian)
Specified by a unit vector for
seismic spectra: 1,0,0 means X;
0,1,0 means Y; 0,0,1 means Z.
Implied by FX, FY, or FZ labels for
force spectrum.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Spectral value vs frequency table
First define frequency table. Up to 20
points are allowed.
Then define corresponding spectral
values.
Specify damping ratio only for
multiple spectral curves.
For a force spectrum, the spectral
values can be scaled by the applied
force value.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Mode combination method
Determines how the individual modal
responses are combined.
Five methods are available:
CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination)
GRP (Grouping)
DSUM (Double Sum)
SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares)
NRLSUM (Naval Research Laboratory Sum)
Which method you choose typically depends on
company or government standards being
followed.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Mode combinations (continued)
The significance threshold allows you to include only significant
modes in the mode combination. It is the ratio of the mode
coefficient of a mode to the maximum mode coefficient. Use a
zero value to include all modes.
Type of output allows calculation of different response quantities:
displacement, velocity, or acceleration.
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Solve and Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model

Solve the current load step.
Mode combination calculations are written as
POST1 commands to the .mcom file.
Review results: discussed next.
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Solve and Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Review results:
Enter POST1 (general postprocessor).
Perform mode combinations
Commands to do this are written to .mcom file during solution.
Read the file jobname.mcom using Utility Menu > File > Read Input from...
Review deformed shape.
Plot and list stresses and strains.
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Response Spectrum Analysis Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model
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D. Spectrum Analysis Guidelines Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Modal analysis
Make sure you extract and expand enough modes in the modal
analysis to cover the frequency range of interest.
For example, if the spectrum extends from 1 to 1000 Hz, a rule of
thumb is to extract and expand modes up to 1500 Hz.
Block Lanczos extraction technique recommended
If you have material dependent damping ratio, this should be specified
in the modal analysis.
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Spectrum Analysis Guidelines Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Spectrum analysis
Remember that no results file is written in a spectrum analysis. Instead
the instructions for mode combination are written to jobname.mcom.
Most combination methods involve squaring operations causing the
component stresses to lose their signs. Hence deriving equivalent or
principal stresses from these unsigned components will be non-
conservative and incorrect.
If equivalent or principal stresses and strains are of interest then you
need to issue the command SUMTYPE,PRIN ( General Postprocessor >
Load Case > Calc Options > Stress Options) before reading in
jobname.mcom. This causes direct operation on derived quantities
leading to more conservative results.
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Spectrum Analysis Guidelines Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Spectrum analysis
During the spectrum analysis the effective mass for each mode as well
as the sum of all the effective mass is printed out.
For a lumped mass system the sum of the effective masses should
approach the total mass of the structure as the number of modes used
in the spectrum analysis is increased.
The total effective mass is an indicator of whether enough modes are
included in the spectrum analysis.
***** RESPONSE SPECTRUM CALCULATION SUMMARY

CUMULATIVE
MODE FREQUENCY SV PARTIC.FACTOR MODE COEF. M.C. RATIO EFFECTIVE MASS MASS FRACTION
1 2.37E-04 10 -1.18E-20 -5.34E-14 0 1.40E-40 3.07E-38

2 474 21.099 6.22E-02 1.48E-07 1 3.87E-03 0.85132
3 1182 10 1.14E-15 2.07E-22 0 1.30E-30 0.85132
4 1182 10 3.42E-16 6.20E-23 0 1.17E-31 0.85132
5 1881 10 -5.08E-16 -3.64E-23 0 2.58E-31 0.85132
6 2361 10 3.52E-11 1.60E-18 0 1.24E-21 0.85132
7 2361 10 -2.60E-02 -1.18E-09 0.007981 6.76E-04 1
8 3044 10 -4.39E-13 -1.20E-20 0 1.93E-25 1
9 3044 10 1.27E-12 3.48E-20 0 1.62E-24 1
10 4011 10 5.08E-12 8.00E-20 0 2.58E-23 1
SUM OF EFFECTIVE MASSES 4.55E-03
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E. Workshop - Response Spectrum Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
In this workshop, you will determine the response of a workbench
table to a response spectrum excitation.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details. (
Response Spectrum Workshop - Workbench Table, Page W-49. ).
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F. Random Vibration Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Topics covered:
Definition and purpose
Overview of ANSYS capabilities
ANSYS procedure
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Random Vibration Analysis
Definition and Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is random vibration analysis?
A spectrum analysis technique based on probability and statistics.
Meant for loads such as acceleration loads in a rocket launch that
produce different time histories during every launch .
Reference: Random vibrations in mechanical systems by Crandall & Mark
March
DYNAMICS 7.0
Transient analysis is not an option since the time history is not
deterministic.
Instead, using statistics the sample time histories are converted to
Power Spectral Density function (PSD), a statistical representation
of the load time history.
Image from Random Vibrations Theory and Practice by Wirsching, Paez and Ortiz.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
What is a PSD?
A PSD records the mean square value of the excitation and
response as a function of frequency.
The area under a PSD curve is the variance of the response (square of
the standard deviation).
The units used in PSD is mean square/Hz (e.g. an acceleration PSD
will have units of G2/Hz).
The quantity represented by PSD may be displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force, or pressure.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Typical applications include
Aircraft electronic packaging
Airframe parts under atmospheric loading
Blast deflectors
Laser guidance systems
Stable optical platform for telescopes
Seismic loading of large structures
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Input:
The structures natural frequencies and mode shapes
The PSD curve (explained next)
Output:
1 displacements and stresses that can be used for fatigue life
prediction.
Response PSD curves that show the frequency content of any output
quantity ( RPSD ).
Undocumented (FPAS and RISK ) life prediction capability.
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Overview of ANSYS Capabilities Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Loading:
Base or nodal excitation
Single-point excitation
e.g. Single PSD excitation applied to all ground nodes
Multi-point (i.e., multi-spectra) excitation
Uncorrelated
Partially correlated
Fully correlated
Partial correlation in terms of spatial coordinates
Partial correlation in terms of a traveling wave
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Solution:
Relative or absolute 1 output
Option for calculating 1 forces/stresses etc.
Solution for complete structure i.e., results can be contoured.
Output in form of 1 displacements, velocities or accelerations
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DYNAMICS 7.0
Postprocessing:
1results can be contoured like any other analysis.
Response PSD can be computed for any result quantity ( e.g. stress or
nodal force at a node of an element) or cross response spectra can be
computed between any two quantities (RPSD).
This enables the user to look at the frequency content of output.
Covariance between any two quantities can be computed (CVAR).
Undocumented commands RISK and FPAS allow user to compute
equivalent stress / predict life.
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Random Vibrations Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Six main steps:
Build the model
Define and apply the PSD excitation
Solve
Review results
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Random Vibrations
Build the Model Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Model
Same considerations as a modal analysis.
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.
Remember density! Also, if material-dependent damping is
present, it must be defined in this step.
See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model

Same procedure as a normal modal
analysis.
A few differences, discussed next.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block Lanczos, subspace, or reduced.
Block Lanczos strongly recommended
Extract enough modes to cover the spectrums frequency content.
Expand all modes. Only expanded modes can be used for the
spectrum solution.
March
Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Loads and BCs:
For a base excitation, be sure to constrain the appropriate DOFs.
For a pressure PSD, apply the pressures on desired surfaces in this
step.
Files: The .mode file contains the eigenvectors and is needed for
the spectrum solution.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model

Exit and re-enter Solution
New analysis: Spectrum
Analysis options: Discussed next
Damping: Discussed next
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Analysis options
Type of spectrum: PSD
Number of modes: If 0 or blank, all expanded modes are used for
solution.
Element calculations: can be ON only if they were ON in the modal step.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Damping
All four forms are available.
Alpha (mass) damping
Beta (stiffness) damping
Constant damping ratio
Frequency dependent damping ratio
(modal damping)
If no damping is specified, ANSYS

uses a 1% constant damping ratio as
default.
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Random Vibrations
Define and Apply the PSD Excitation Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model

Specify PSD settings
Define PSD versus frequency table
Apply excitation at desired nodes
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
PSD settings
Spectrum type (units)
Acceleration (normal units or
g2/Hz)
Velocity
Displacement
Force
Pressure
Table number defaults to 1.

Used for multiple PSD curves.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
PSD versus frequency table
Specify table number (usually 1).
Then enter frequency and PSD value pairs.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
PSD versus frequency table (continued)
Graph the PSD table to verify the input.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Apply the PSD
Procedure depends on the type of
PSD.
Acceleration, velocity, or
displacement PSD:
These are base excitations and
can be applied only at previously
constrained nodes.
Apply as a constraint in UX, UY, or Pick nodes...
UZ (excitation direction) with a
value of 1.0.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Apply the PSD (cont'd.)
Force PSD
Nodal excitation
Apply as a force in FX, FY, or FZ
(excitation direction) with a value of
1.0 (or desired scale factor).
Pressure PSD
Requires pressure to be applied in
the modal step.
Use the load vector (calculated
during modal solution) to apply the
pressure PSD excitation.
Set value to 1.0 or desired scale
factor.
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Random Vibrations
Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model
Solve
Activate PSD mode combination
method
Specify items to be calculated*
Calculate participation factors*
Initiate PSD solution*
*Discussed next
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Items to be calculated:
Default is to calculate the displacement solution (including stresses
and strains) relative to base excitation.
Velocity and acceleration solutions are also available, relative to
base or absolute.
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Random Vibrations
DYNAMICS 7.0
Calculate participation factors:
Must be done for each PSD table defined.
Specify base or nodal excitation.
Initiate PSD solution:
Results are written to the .rst file.
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Random Vibrations
Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model
Solve
Review results
Plot and list 1 quantities (POST1)
Generate a response PSD (POST26)
Calculate covariance between two quantities (POST26)
Life prediction
March
Random Vibrations- Review Results
Review 1-Sigma Stresses Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Random vibration results are 1
quantities: 1 displacements, 1
stresses, etc. Gaussian
(normal)
All quantities assume a Gaussian Distribution
(normal) distribution with zero mean.
For example, a maximum
displacement of Umax = 0.15 indicates
a 68% probability (1) that Umax will
be 0.15 or less. It also indicates: 1
2
3
be 0.15x2 = 0.3 or less.
be 0.15x3 = 0.45 or less.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
To review 1 displacements & stresses:
Enter POST1 (General Postproc).
Read results from load step 3, which is where 1 results are stored on the
results file.
Note: 1 velocities and 1 accelerations, if requested, are stored in
load steps 4 and 5, respectively.
Then plot and list the desired quantities.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
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DYNAMICS 7.0
1 results are typically used for:
Fatigue calculations
In PSD analyses, the average frequency of excitation (number of
cycles/second) is given by 1 velocity / 1 displacement.
Using normal distribution the stress level is at 1 68% of the time, at
2 27% of the time (95-68), and at 3 3% of the time (98-95).
Knowing the above two quantities, fatigue life can be predicted using
usual S-N diagram procedures.
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Response PSD Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Response PSD
Gives engineers an idea of how a response quantity (stress, for
example) varies with frequency.
Results file contains 1 values, which is the square root of the
area under the PSD curve.
POST26, the time-history postprocessor, is used to calculate
response PSD.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
To calculate response PSD
1. Enter POST26 and first store the frequency vector.
You can use 1 to 10 additional data points on either side of a natural
frequency for a smoother frequency curve. Default is 5.
Variable 1 is automatically assigned to the frequency vector.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
2. Identify results quantities for which response PSD is to be
calculated.
TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer
Can be any nodal or element result item.
Choose category,
then pick node...
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DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Calculate and plot the response PSD.
TimeHist Postpro > Calc Resp PSD...
TimeHist Postpro > Graph Variables
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Covariance Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Covariance
Covariance represents the correlation between two quantities.
Can be calculated between any two response quantities; for
example, stress at two different points in the model.
POST26, the time-history postprocessor, is used to calculate
covariance.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
To calculate covariance:
1. Reset or exit and re-enter POST26.
2. Identify the two response quantities for which covariance is to be
calculated.
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DYNAMICS 7.0
3. Calculate and retrieve the covariance.
TimeHist Postpro > Calc Covariance...
Use *GET to retrieve the covariance:
*GET,COVAR,VARI,#,EXTREM,CVAR -or- Utility Menu > Parameters >
Get Scalar Data...
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Random Vibrations
Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Build the model
Solve
Review results
March
G. Workshop Random Vibration (PSD) Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
In this workshop, you will determine the displacements and
stresses in a model airplane wing due to an acceleration PSD.
See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details.
Random Vibration Workshop - Model Airplane Wing , Page W-55
March

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Module 6

Acceleration vs. time Acceleration spectrum (G vs. Hz)

A structure subject to the El Centro earthquake can be analyzed

** Covered in this seminar

*A different formula is used for acceleration, velocity and force spectra;

Switch to spectrum analysis type

*Material property DAMP in this case

Define the response spectrum

Solve and review results

***** RESPONSE SPECTRUM CALCULATION SUMMARY

1 2.37E-04 10 -1.18E-20 -5.34E-14 0 1.40E-40 3.07E-38

Reference: Random vibrations in mechanical systems by Crandall & Mark

Obtain the modal solution

Switch to spectrum analysis type

If no damping is specified, ANSYS

Define and apply the PSD excitation

Table number defaults to 1.

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