PVT Diagram

THE_MBAH
Author of
Kobameveryday.com
Previews
Phase Diagrams
Plot antara variabel satu
dengan lainnya yang
menunjukkan kondisi sebuah
zat hadir dalam fasa solid,
liquid, dan gas.
Seringkali di sumbu dan di
sumbu .
Hypothetical Example
Air murni
Silinder leakproof, vakum,
piston bergerak
FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical
FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical
Previews
Titik B dan D berada pada
sebuah batas pada diagram
Sistem tidak berubah ke kondisi
lain sampai transisi fasa selesai
Red = Solid-Liquid
Equilibrium (SLE)
Green = Solid-Vapor
Equilibrium (SVE)
Blue = Vapor-Liquid
Equilibrium (VLE)

FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical

Previews
Jika titik berada di kurva
VLE
adalah tekanan uap pada
suhu
adalah titik didih (boiling
point) pada tekanan
Jika titik berada di kurva
SLE
adalah titik leleh/beku pada
tekanan
Jika titik berada di kurva
FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical
Previews
Jika
titik berada di pertemuan
ketiga kurva, maka titik tersebut
adalah triple point, dimana
ketiga fasa (solid, liquid, dan
gas) dapat hadir bersamaan
Ujung kurva VLE berakhir
adalah titik yang disebut titik
kritis (crit. point) )
Jika berlaku dan , maka pada
tersebut, fasa yang berbeda tak
pernah hadir secara simultan

FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical

Previews
Vapour Liquid Equilibrium
(VLE) Curve
Above = Subcooled liquid
Below = Superheated steam
On the curve = Saturated
liquid / vapour
Further heating of saturated liquid
results in saturated vapor
Titik didih pada (garis) adalah
titik didih normal

FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical

Steam Table
THE_MBAH
Author of
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Steam Tables
Kompilasi sifat-sifat fisika (specific volume, entalpi, dan internal energy) dari
Liquid Water
Saturated Steam
Superheated Steam
yang disajikan dalam bentuk tabel yang memuat data-data kuantitatif sifat-sifat
tersebut
Nilai pada tabel dicantumkan sedemikian sehingga interpolasi linier yang
dilakukan antar 2 data berdekatan akurat
Tabel unik untuk setiap senyawa
Tetapi tetap disajikan dalam format yang umum/seragam
Refrensi standar untuk engineer dalam aplikasi siklus steam untuk pembangkit
listrik
Senyawa murni
Kompresibel
Saturated Steam Table
HAYWOOD, R. W. (1968).
Thermodynamics Table in SI (Metric
Units). London : Cambridge University
Press.
Based on Temprature (for
convenience)
on the axis.
Column 2 = Pressure at given
Temprature
Columns 3 & 4 = Specific Volume
of liquid water and saturated
steam at given temprature
Columns 5 & 6 = Specific Internal
Energies relative to a reference
state (liquid water at the triple
point)
Columns 7 & 9 = Specific
Enthalpies of saturated liquid
water and saturated steam also
relative
Column 8 = Heat of Vapourisation
(Difference between 7 and 9)
Saturated Steam Table
Based on Pressure (for
convenience)
on the axis.

HAYWOOD, R. W. (1968).
Thermodynamics Table in SI (Metric
Units). London : Cambridge University
Press.
Superheated Steam Table
Lists
the physical
properties (,, and ) of
water at any and , not
just points at the VLE
curve.
Bounded Region
Inside = liquid
Outside = Superheated
Vapour
Number in parantheses =
Boiling point temprature,
HAYWOOD, R. W. (1968). For Superheated steam
Thermodynamics Table in SI (Metric Dew Point
Units). London : Cambridge University
Press.
Quality
Campuran VLE (2 fasa), terdapat besaran kualitas
dimana

Saat , sistem berada pada saturated liquid

Saat , sistem berada pada saturated vapor
Specific Volume
Secara definisi

Karena ,

Definisi dari quality sebagai

dapat disubstitusi menghasilkan

Enthalpy & Internal Energy
Mirip dengan Specific Volume
Enthalpy

Internal Energy
Problem I
Steam at 10 bar absolute with of superheat is fed to a
turbine at a rate . The turbine operation is adiabatic, and
the effluent is saturated steam at .
Calculate the work output of the turbine in kilowatts,
neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.
Solution
The energy balance for this adiabatic steady state open
system is

Inlet Steam
Search the superheated Steam Table for (See Next)
The saturation temprature is
The intlet steam temprature is
Solution
Solution
Inlet Steam
Interpolating quantities from the table (assume linearly) for
Solution
Outlet
Steam
Search either the saturated or superheated steam table for . (See next)

Solve the balance equation

Final Answer
of work delivered from the turbine to its surroundings
Solution
Problem II
Steam produced in a boiler is frequently wetthat is, it is a mist
composed of saturated water vapor and entrained liquid droplets.
The quality of a wet steam is defined as the fraction of the mixture
by mass that is vapor.
A wet steam at a pressure of with a quality of is isothermally
dried by evaporating the entrained liquid. The flow rate of the
dried steam is .
Use the steam tables to determine the temprature at which this
operation occurs, the specific enthalpies of wet and dry steams, and
the total mass flow rate of the process system.
Calculate the heat input in required for this evaporation process.
Gibbs Phase Rule &
Duhems Theorem
THE_MBAH
Author of
Kobameveryday.com
Gibbs Phase Rule
Sifat intensif sistem PVT dengan C spesi kimia dan P
fasa dalam kesetimbangan digambarkan melalui
variabel intensif ,, dan sebanyak fraksi mol.
Derajat kebebasan menggambarkan jumlah variabel
yang perlu diketahui untuk cukup menggambarkan
suatu sistem PVT
Gibbs-Duhem Equation
variabel intensif akan bergantung linier. Jika
diketahui salah -nya, variabel yang lain dapat
diketahui menggunakan persamaan Gibbs-
Duhem
Perubahan potensial kimia suatu spesi dapat
diketahui melalui perubahan potensial kimia
spesi lainnya
Komponen Tunggal

Multi Komponen
Gibbs-Duhem Equation

Gibbs-Duhem Equation

Gibbs-Duhem Equation

Secara lebih general untuk komponen

Mencoba Menjawab
THE_MBAH
Author of
Kobameveryday.com
No. 1
Chemical Substance = Matter of constant
composition best characterized by the entities
(molecules, formula units, atoms) it is composed of[1]
Saturated Condition = Condition that allows a
substance to change phase
Phase Equilibrium = A static condition between phases
where no change can be observed macroscopicly
(balance of all potential energy responsible for change)
Intensive Variable = A variable that does not depend on
its size
Extensive
[1] IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997)
Variable = A variable that depends on its size
No. 1
Degree of Freedom = Number of intensive variable
(, , ) sufficient to describe a system,
One-Phase = 2 dfs, require 2 intensive variables to fully
describe the system
Two-Phased = 1 df, require only 1 intensive variable to
fully describe the system
Three-Phased = 0 df, all intensive variables are on fixed
quantities / only at certain intensive variables, a three-
phased single component can occur
No. 2
20 g
Assume

Vapour consists of only H2O, in which atmospheric air being
sucked out at filling H2O Vapour
No observed macroscopic change at the moment At 25C
equilibrium
Two phases (vapor & liquid), one component (H 2O)
By using Gibbs Phase Rule, this system has one degree H2O Liquid
of freedom (7)
25C
At 25C, H2O vapour only exists because of evaporation
By using the saturated steam table, the pressure of the
vapour has to be (8)
No. 2
20 g
For the vapour volume of , and assuming
water vapor acts ideally at , which is a H2O Vapour
reasonably low temprature and pressure
25C

H2O Liquid
25C
by definition
(9)
No. 2
20 g
The
plug will detach when the force acting
upward overcomes the gravity force acting on H O Vapour
the plug. 2
25C
By Pascals principle, the upward for force is
the normal pressure (assuming the vapor still
incompressible) H2O Liquid
Assuming the plug is a cylinder made of cork 25C
with density of [2] and height of , the cross
sectional area of it is
Using the definition of pressure
Pascals principle = a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted
throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.
[2]http://www.aqua-calc.com/page/density-table/substance/cork-coma-and-blank-solid
No. 2
20 g
Since, lower temprature will result in lower
vapour pressure which makes it harder to H2O Vapour
produce enough force to overcome the mass
of the plug. (11) 25C

H2O Liquid
25C
No. 3
No. 4 (15)
Triple Point of H2O is at (how do you know from the
table?)

Critical Point of H2O is at

No. 4 (16)
Properties of H2O is at
No. 4 (17)
Point A (5 bar, 151,9 degC) & B (5 bar, 200 degC)

Point C (2,5 Mpa = 25 bar, 200 degC)

No. 6 (18)
Water
initially at a higher pressure
than its saturation pressure
(compressed liquid) is broughtat
constant temprature until it forms
vapor
At,
Then it was heated at constant
pressure until its enthalpy is 6x the
enthalpy of saturated water at
At ,
6x its enthalpy
Do interpolation, The final state
temprature is
No. 6 (19)
Mixture of water and water vapor in equilibrium having
quality of 50% is heated at a temprature of until its
specific volume reached 3,2 times the specific volume
of the mixture at intial state
No. 9
Ideal Gas is a theoretical gas which suffice the
conditions of ideal gas
Minimal interaction between particles (Modern theories e.g.
Relativity / quantum mechs, not applicable
Fully elastic collision between molecules (No (kinetic) energy
loss)
Small and lots of molecules (to be able treated statistically)
following the Brownian motion
The compressibility factor
Steam (H2O) 60 bar, 200 degC

Bibliography
FELDER, R.M. & ROSSEAU, R.W. (2005). Elementary
Principles of Chemical Processes. New York, Wiley.
HAYWOOD, R. W. (1968). Thermodynamics table in SI
(Metric Units). London, Cambridge University Press.
MORAN, M. J. & SHAPIRO, H. N. (1998). Fundamentals
of engineering thermodynamics: SI version. Chichester,
John Wiley.
SMITH, J. M., & VAN NESS, H. C. (1959). Introduction
to chemical engineering thermodynamics. New York,
McGraw-Hill.