SMA AS ACTUATOR IN

STENTS AND ITS

ANALYSIS

By
Akash Kalyankar
Kousthubha Tharun Vempati
Aruneshwar Somasundaram
 SHAPE-MEMORY ALLOYS
AShape-Memory Alloy(SMA,smartmetal,memorymetal,memoryalloy,musclewire,smartalloy)is
analloythat"remembers"itsoriginalshapeandthatwhendeformedplastically,canreturntoitspre-deformed
shapewhenheated.

ThiscanbeexplainedusingtheShape-Memory Effectexhibitedbythesealloys.

WideexposureofthispropertycameonlyafterthedevelopmentoftheNickelTitaniumalloybytheNaval
OrdnanceLaboratory(NiTiNOL).
TherearemanyothermaterialslikeCu-Al-Ni,Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd, Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd.
 SHAPE-MEMORY EFFECT
Theshape-memory effect(SME)istheuniquepropertythatsome
alloyspossessaccordingtowhich,afterbeingdeformedatone
temperature,theyrecovertheiroriginalshapeuponbeingheatedtoa
secondtemperature.
Theshapememoryeffectisadirectconsequenceofareversible
transformationbetweenAusteniteandMartensitephasesinthealloy.
TheAustenitephaseisacubicconfigurationofthecrystallattice,
structurallystiffandoccurringathighertemperatures.
TheMartensitephaseisaphasefoundatlowertemperaturesandis Pseudoelastic Nitinol phase induced recovery
notasstiffasAustenite. demonstrating full loading path (solid) as well as
partial loading paths (dashed)

InitiallyintheMartensitephase,atwinnedconfigurationispresent.
Onloading,itbecomesdetwinnedandretainsthenewshape.
Now,anincreaseintemperaturecausesaphasechangetoAustenite
andthisinstabilityreturnsthematerialtotheoriginalshape.
 SHAPE-MEMORY EFFECT
TYPES
Shape-memoryalloyshavedifferentshape-memoryeffects.
Twocommoneffectsare:
1. One-wayshapememory.
2. Two-wayshapememory.

. One Way Memory Effect isacyclebetweenarandomtemporaryshape

andapermanentshape.WhenthestructureisintheMartensitephase
afterdeformationbyapplyingamechanicalload(temporarilyshape),
itcanrecoveritsinitialpermanentshapeonlybyheatingaboveAf.

. Two Way Memory Effect ontheotherhandcanshiftbetweentwo

permanentshapes.Itispossibletoimposeapermanentshapeatahigh
temperatureandanotherpermanentshapeatalowtemperature.
 RESPONSES IN SMAs
Two separate mechanical effects characterize the response of Shape
MemoryAlloys:Pseudoelasticity and Shape-Memory Effect.

Pseudoelasticity, or superelasticity, is the result of stress-induced

martensitic transformation in which Martensite reverts to the parent
phaseuponunloading.Whentheloadisremoved,Martensitebecomes
unstableandthematerialrevertstoitsoriginalshape.

Shape-Memory Effectisexhibitedwhendeformationisirreversible,the
effect receives the name shape-memory effect. Additional heating is
requiredtoreturntheMartensitetoitsoriginalshape.Uponheating,the
originaldimensionswillberegained,asthemartensiteinterfacesmove
backtoretransformthelattice.Thesequencesinwhichtheplatesform
and in which they disappear are inverted: the first plate to form is the
lasttodisappear.
 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS

Adjustmentsinalloycompositioncanbemadetoproduce
Mstemperaturesbetween273and100C.Thisisan
extremelyhelpfulfeature,andalloysaretailoredforspecific
applications.

TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURE
MartensiticStartTemperature 291K
M0s
MartensiticFinishTemperature 271K
M0f Figure 1 - Shape memory alloy deformation and
temperature induced recovery
AusteniticStartTemperature 295K
A0s
MartensiticFinishTemperature 315K
A0f
 NITINOL

COMPOSITION

ELEMENT PROPORTION BY WEIGHT

Nickel 55%
Titanium 44.9%
Oxygen 0.05%
Carbon 0.02%

Nitinoliscomposedofnickelandtitaniumatapproximatelyequalatomicpercentages.
Extremelytightcompositionalcontrolisrequiredformakingthisalloy.
Theuniquepropertyofnitinolisitsabilitytoundergophasetransformationwhensubjectedtotemperaturechanges,
externalloadings,orboth.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NITNOL
S. NO PROPERTY VALUE
1. DENSITY 6.45g/cm3
2. ELASTIC STIFFNESS

Austenite 70GPa

Martensite 30GPa

3. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

Austenite 22x10-6K-1

Martensite 22x10-6K-1

4. Elastic Modulus
Austenite 75-83GPa
Martensite 28-40GPa
5. Yield Strength
Austenite 195-690MPa
 APPLICATIONS

1. Medical Applications
OrthopedicField
VascularField
NeurosurgicalField
SurgicalInstruments

2. Industrial Uses

3. Aerospace
Largeperformanceimprovements,becausetheycanreducethegrossweightand
operatingcosts.

4. Automotive
Acommercialuseofthistechniquecanbeadamagedcarbumperthatregainsits
originalshapeafterheating.

5. Robotics
Applicationsasthermal-mechanicalactuator.
 ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Arteriosclerosisisageneraltermforthe
thickeningandhardeningofarteries.
Thisiscausedbythebuild-upoffats,
cholesterol,andothersubstancesinandonthe
arterywallstoformaplaque.
Itcanbuildupovertimeandcansloworblock
theflowofbloodtotheheart.

Plaque in artery
 STENTS

Stentsaremedicaldeviceswithatubularmeshstructureof
stainlesssteelorShapeMemoryAlloysthatifsuccessfully
implantedcanfacilitatetheopeningofthearterialwallsand
preventthearteriesfromfutureblockages.
Duringtheimplantingprocedure,thestentiswrappedtightly
aroundthecatheter,whichistheninsertedthroughablood
vesselinthegroinorarmintothenarrowedartery.
Onceinplace,theballoonisinflatedwhichexpandsthemesh;
onceexpanded,thepermanentmeshactslikeascaffoldthat
supportsthearterywallsandkeepsthemopen.
InSMAStents,theballooniseliminatedandshape-memory
effectofthematerialisutilizedtoholdthevesselintact.
 TYPES OF STENTS

BARE METAL STENTS:

Traditionalmethod
Mayhaveanincreasedrateofre-narrowingduetogrowthofscar
tissueinthestent,conditioncalledRestenosis.

DRUG-ELUTING STENTS:
CombatRestenosis
Coated with medications that are slowly released to block the body's
abilitytoformscartissuearoundthestent.Themedicationisdelivered
directlytothesiteofthearteryblockage.
 TREATMENT
Angiographyofthecoronaryarteriesisthemost
commonprocedureperformedfortreatingthis
condition.
Angioplasty(catheterswithballoontips)and
Stentingcanoftenhelptoopenupablockedartery.
InAngioplasty,acatheterwithballoontipisinserted
intotheartery.Withthecatheterinplace,the
balloonisinflatedtopushtheplaqueagainstthe
wallandexpandthevesselandimprovebloodflow.
ThisprocedureisthenfollowedbyStenting.
InStenting,ametallicstentisinsertedintothetube
andisthendrivenandplacedatthesiteoftheblock.
 STENT DESIGN

Themajordesignconsiderationsforastentare:
MechanismofExpansion
Form
Material,and
ManufacturingMethod
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

DESIGN PARAMETER SELECTION

Principle SMAReturntooriginalshapeatapresettemperature

MechanismofExpansion ThermalExpansion

Form MeshedTube

Material Nitinol

ManufacturingMethod MicroCuttingbyFiberLaser
MANUFACTURING THROUGH MICRO-CUTTING
BY FIBER LASER METHOD

CuttingofstentsisoneofthemostdemandingapplicationsofMicro-cutting
inthemedicalindustry.
Single-modefiberlaserisanefficient,reliableandcompactsolutionfor
micro-machining.
Afiberlaserisalaserinwhichtheactivegainmediumisanopticalfiber
dopedwithrare-earthelementssuchasytterbium,neodymium,dysprosium,
praseodymium,andthulium.
Itsadvantagesarediscussedinthenextslide.
 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER LASER

Kerf width instentsaslowas18 20 m canbeobtainedbythe

FiberLasercutting.
ItoffersLow maintenance cycles andHigh conversion efficiency.
Pump-lightconversionsofmorethan80%arepossible.
Averagepowerlevelsupto100Warepossiblewithair-cooling
andthusastandard110Vsupplyissufficient.
INSERTION OF THE STENT
 SOLIDWORKS MODEL OF SMA STENT

StentdesignedusingSolidworks SMAmaterialdefinedstent

Viewshowingtheexactstent
geometry
 THERMAL ACTUATION
Thermal Actuation Temperature inducing change in the dimensions is
demonstrated in this case, as shown in Figure 9.
Initially the material is at a temperature above 20c i.e. in austenitic
phase A0f.
The temperature around material changes to about 37.2c the
martensitic finish temperature M0f, a process in which phase
transformations and strains are developed.
The material is then cooled back to the start temperature, if required.
ANALYSIS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH

Stentat20c Stentat37.2cafterexpansioninthebloodvessel
 ANALYSIS OF SMA STENTS

Graphshowingthethermal
Graphshowingminandmaximum
expansion(timevstemp)
deformationinthestent
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT AND
THERMAL ANALYSIS:

Maintaining a deformed shape up to heat induced

recovery of the original shape is known as shape
memory effect.
After the transformation from the austenitic phase
the material in the martensitic phase must not Stentbeforeanalysis

deform.
If it deforms the purpose will not be served.
Thermal analysis shows that the material after
transformation does not deformasshowninfigure.

Stentafteranalysisshowingnochangeinsizeanddeformation.
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT AND THERMAL ANALYSIS

Graphsshowingtimevstemperature
 FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS

SMAstentintegratingaproprietarydrug-elutingmethodandanoveldesign
tocreateastentwithmetal-likeperformanceoutofapolymermaterial.
Creatingastentwhichrestoresbloodflowandsupportsthearterythrough
healing,thencompletelydissolvesfromthebody,leavingthepatientfreeof
apermanentimplant.
Unlikepermanentmetalalloys,thepolymerwhichdissolvesfromthebody
afterhealingofthearteryhasoccurred,leavingadditionaltreatmentoptions
availableinthefuture.
Nickelisaknownallergenanditmightalsohavecarcinogenproperties.
Duetothisreasonthenickelcontentofthisalloyhasraisedgreatconcerns
aboutitsusefulnessinthemedicalindustry.
Acknowledgements
WewouldliketoacknowledgeDassaultSystemsforprovidingus
thestudentversionofSolidworkssoftware,thathelpedustowards
theprogressofourproject.
WeareverythankfultoDassaultSystemsforthesame.
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 REFERENCES (CONTINUED)
[8].EngineeringDesignofStentsbySundarKrishnamurtyandJeffreyShao.

[9].UseofFiberLasersforMicroCuttingApplicationsintheMedicalDeviceIndustryby
K.F.Kleine,B.Whitney,K.G.Watkins.

[10].EngineeringAspectsOfStentsDesignAndTheirTranslationIntoClinicalPracticeby
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[11].ASurveyOfStentDesignsbyD.Stoeckel,C.Bonsignore,S.Duda.

[12].USNationalLibraryofMedicine,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angioplasty.html
THANK YOU