Chapter 10 Part A

The Muscular
System

PowerPoint Lecture Slides

prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ivy Tech Community College
 Why This Matters

Understanding the anatomy of skeletal muscles

will improve your body mechanics and help
avoid injury to yourself and your patient

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 10.1 Muscle Actions and Interactions

Muscle tissue consists of all contractile tissues

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
This chapter focuses on skeletal muscle and
looks at:
How muscles interact to bring about movement
Criteria for naming muscles
Principles of leverage

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 Muscle Actions and Interactions (cont.)

Muscles can only pull; never push

What one muscle group does, another
undoes
Functional groups
Prime mover (agonist)
Major responsibility providing the major force for
producing specific movement
Antagonist
Opposes or reverses particular movement
Prime mover and antagonist are located on
opposite sides of joint across which they act
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 Muscle Actions and Interactions (cont.)

Synergist helps prime movers

Adds extra force to same movement
Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement
Fixator
Synergist that immobilizes bone or muscles
origin
Gives prime mover stable base on which to act

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Focus Figure 10.1a The action of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. (Examples given relate to the shoulder
joint.)

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*

Example:
Pectoralis major
(anterior view)

* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The
muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

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Focus Figure 10.1b The action of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. (Examples given relate to the shoulder
joint.)

A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*

Example: Latissimus
dorsi (posterior view)
The latissimus dorsi
is an antagonist of
the pectoralis major.

* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The
muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

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Focus Figure 10.1c The action of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. (Examples given relate to the shoulder
joint.)

A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction

Example: Deltoid
middle fibers
(anterolateral
view)

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Focus Figure 10.1d The action of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. (Examples given relate to the shoulder
joint.)

A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction

Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral view)
The teres major
is an antagonist
of the deltoid.

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 Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups

Same muscle may be:

Prime mover of one movement
Antagonist for different movement
Synergist for third movement

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 10.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles

Muscle location: bone or body region with which

muscle associated
Example: temporalis (over temporal bone)
Muscle shape: distinctive shapes
Example: deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle)
Muscle size
Example: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus
(long)
Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles
Example: rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (fibers
run at right angles), and oblique (fibers run at angles to
imaginary defined axis)
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 Naming Skeletal Muscle (cont.)

Number of origins
Example: biceps (two origins) and triceps (three origins)
Location of attachments: named according to
point of origin and insertion (origin named first)
Example: sternocleidomastoid attaches to sternum and
clavicle, with insertion on mastoid process
Muscle action: named for action they produce
Example: flexor or extensor
Several criteria can be combined
Example: extensor (extends) carpi (wrist) radialis (radius)
longus (length is long)

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 10.3 Fascicle Arrangements

All skeletal muscles consist of fascicles

(bundles of fibers)
Fascicle arrangements vary, resulting in
muscles with different shapes and functional
capabilities
The most common patterns of arrangement
Circular
Convergent
Parallel
Pennate

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 Fascicle Arrangements (cont.)

Circular: fascicles arranged in concentric rings

(example: orbicularis oris)
Convergent: broad origin; fascicles converge
toward single tendon insertion (example:
pectoralis major)
Parallel: fascicles parallel to long axis of
straplike muscle (example: sartorius)
Fusiform: spindle-shaped muscles with parallel
fibers (example: biceps brachii)

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 Fascicle Arrangements (cont.)

Pennate: short fascicles attach obliquely to

central tendon running length of muscle
(example: rectus femoris)
Three forms
Unipennate: fascicles attach only to one side of
tendon (example: extensor digitorum longus)
Bipennate: fascicles insert from opposite sides of
tendon (example: rectus femoris)
Multipennate: appears as feathers inserting into one
tendon (example: deltoid)

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Figure 10.1 Patterns of fascicle arrangement in muscles.

(a)

(b) (e)

(c)
Circular Convergent
(orbicularis oris) (pectoralis major)
Multipennate
(deltoid)

(d) (f)

Bipennate
(rectus femoris)
(g)

Fusiform Parallel Unipennate

(biceps brachii) (sartorius) (extensor digitorum
longus)

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 Fascicle Arrangements (cont.)

Most common patterns are circular, convergent,

parallel, fusiform, and pennate
Fascicles determine muscles range of motion
Amount of movement when muscle shortens
Fascicles determine muscles power
Long fibers more parallel to long axis shorten
more; usually not powerful
Power depends on number of muscle fibers
Bipennate, multipennate muscles have most fibers
shorten little but are powerful

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 10.4 Lever Systems

Most skeletal muscles move using leverage

Components of lever system
Lever: rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed
point called fulcrum (joint)
Effort: force (supplied by muscle contraction)
applied to lever to move resistance (load)
Load: resistance (bone + tissues + any added
weight) moved by the effort

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 Levers: Power Versus Speed

Levers allow given effort to move heavier load

or to move load farther or faster
Depends on fulcrum position relative to load and
effort
Mechanical advantage (power lever): load is
close to fulcrum, with effort far from fulcrum
Small effort can move large load
Mechanical disadvantage (speed lever): load
is far from fulcrum, with effort close to fulcrum
Load moved rapidly over large distance; offers
wider range of motion
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 Levers: Power Versus Speed (cont.)

Basic principle of levers

Effort farther than load from fulcrum = lever
operates at mechanical advantage
Effort nearer than load to fulcrum = lever
operates at mechanical disadvantage

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Figure 10.2a Lever systems operating at a mechanical advantage and a mechanical disadvantage.

Effort length of effort arm load length of load arm

(force distance) (resistance distance)

Effort

10 Effort
kg 0.25 cm

25 cm
Fulcrum
Load

10 25 1000 0.25 1000 kg

250 250
Load Fulcrum

Mechanical advantage with a power lever

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Figure 10.2b Lever systems operating at a mechanical advantage and a mechanical disadvantage.

Effort length of effort arm load length of load arm

(force distance) (resistance distance)

Effort

100 kg
Effort Load
Load
25 cm

Fulcrum 50 cm
Fulcrum
Fulcrum

50 kg
100 25 50 50
2500 2500 Load

Mechanical disadvantage with a speed lever

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 Classes of Lever Systems

Three classes of levers are based on relative

position of effort, fulcrum, load
First-class lever
Fulcrum is between load and effort
Example: seesaw, scissors

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Figure 10.3a-1 Lever systems.

First-class lever

Arrangement of the elements is

load-fulcrum-effort

Load Effort

Fulcrum

Load

Effort
Fulcrum

Example: scissors
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Figure 10.3a-2 Lever systems.

First-class lever

Fulcrum

Load Effort

In the body: A first-class lever system

raises your head off your chest. The
posterior neck muscles provide the effort,
the atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum,
and the weight to be lifted is the facial
skeleton.

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 Classes of Lever Systems (cont.)

Second-class lever
Load is between fulcrum and effort
Example: wheelbarrow, standing on toes

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Figure 10.3b-1 Lever systems.

Second-class lever

Arrangement of the elements is

fulcrum-load-effort

Load

Fulcrum Effort

Load

Effort

Fulcrum

Example: wheelbarrow
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Figure 10.3b-2 Lever systems.

Second-class lever

Effort

Load

Fulcrum

In the body: Second-class leverage is

exerted when you stand on tip-toe. The
effort is exerted by the calf muscles
pulling upward on the heel; the joints of
the ball of the foot are the fulcrum; and
the weight of the body is the load.
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 Classes of Lever Systems (cont.)

Third-class lever
Effort is applied between fulcrum and load
Example: tweezers, forceps, most skeletal
muscles

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Figure 10.3c-1 Lever systems.

Third-class lever

Arrangement of the elements is

load-effort-fulcrum

Load Effort

Fulcrum

Load

Fulcrum
Effort

Example: tweezers or forceps

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Figure 10.3c-2 Lever systems.

Third-class lever

Effort

Load

Fulcrum

In the body: Flexing the forearm by the

biceps brachii muscle exemplifies
third-class leverage. The effort is exerted
on the proximal radius of the forearm, the
fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the load is
the hand and distal end of the forearm.

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 Classes of Lever Systems (cont.)

Summary of lever systems:

In mechanical disadvantage (speed levers) force
is lost, but speed and range of movement are
gained
Systems operating under mechanical advantage
(power levers) are slower, but more stable
Used where strength is a priority

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 10.5 Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body

> 600 muscles; grouped by function and

location
Muscle tables include following information:
Name and description, which includes location
relative to other muscles
Origin and insertion: usually a joint between
origin and insertion
Actions: movement that contraction causes;
insertion moves toward origin
Innervation: name of major nerve that supplies
muscle
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Figure 10.4 Superficial muscles of the body: Anterior view.
Facial
Epicranius, frontal belly
Head Orbicularis oculi
Temporalis Zygomaticus
Masseter Orbicularis oris
Neck
Shoulder Platysma
Trapezius Sternohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid Thorax
Pectoralis minor
Arm
Triceps brachii Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii Serratus anterior
Brachialis Intercostals
Forearm Abdomen
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis Rectus abdominis
Flexor carpi radialis External oblique
Palmaris longus Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Pelvis/thigh
Iliopsoas
Pectineus

Thigh Thigh
Rectus femoris Tensor fascia lata
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis Sartorius
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Leg
Fibularis longus
Leg
Extensor digitorum longus
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Soleus

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Figure 10.5 Superficial muscles of the body: Posterior view.

Neck
Splenius capitis Epicranius, occipital belly
Splenius cervicis
Levator scapulae Sternocleidomastoid
Rhomboid minor Trapezius
Rhomboid major Shoulder
Arm Deltoid
Triceps brachii Infraspinatus
Teres major
Brachialis
Forearm Rhomboid major
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis Latissimus dorsi
longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris Hip
Extensor digitorum Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Thigh
Iliotibial tract
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Leg
Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon

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 Muscles of the Head

Two groups
1. Muscles of facial expression
2. Muscles of mastication and tongue movement

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 Table 10.1: Muscles of the Head, Part 1:
Facial Expression
Facial expression muscles are different because
they insert into skin, not bone
Important in nonverbal communication
All innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
Facial expression muscles consist of two
groups:
Muscles of the scalp
Muscles of the face

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 Muscles of Facial Expression

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
Bipartite muscle consisting of the
Frontalis
Occipitalis
Galea aponeuroticacranial aponeurosis connecting
above muscles
The two muscles have alternate actions of
pulling the scalp forward and backward

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Table 10.1-1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression

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Table 10.1-2 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression (continued)

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Table 10.1-3 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression (continued)

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Table 10.1-4 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression (continued)

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Figure 10.6b Lateral view of muscles of the scalp, face, and neck.

Epicranial
aponeurosis

Frontal Epicranius
belly
Corrugator
supercilii Occipital
Orbicularis oculi belly
Levator labii
superioris Temporalis

Zygomaticus
minor and major
Buccinator Masseter
Risorius
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis Trapezius
Depressor
labii inferioris Splenius
capitis
Depressor anguli
oris

Platysma

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Figure 10.7 Muscles used in facial expressions.

Zygomaticus major Orbicularis oris Mentalis

(smile) (pucker) (pout)
Platysma
(tense neck)

Frontal belly of
Corrugator supercilii Orbicularis oculi epicranius (raised
(angry eyebrows) (blink) eyebrows/wrinkled forehead)

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 Table 10.2: Muscles of the Head, Part 2:
Mastication and Tongue Movement
Muscles of mastication
Four pairs all innervated by cranial nerve V
(trigeminal nerve)
Prime movers of jaw closure: temporalis and
masseter
Grinding movements: pterygoids
Chewing role: buccinators
Buccinator muscles (of facial expression group)
also help by holding food between the teeth

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 Table 10.2: Muscles of the Head, Part 2:
Mastication and Tongue Movement
Muscles promoting tongue movements
Three extrinsic muscles anchor and move
tongue
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
All are innervated by cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal
nerve)

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Table 10.2-1 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement

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Figure 10.8a Muscles promoting mastication and tongue movements.

Temporalis

Orbicularis
oris Masseter
Buccinator

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Figure 10.8b Muscles promoting mastication and tongue movements.

Lateral
pterygoid
Medial
pterygoid
Masseter
pulled away

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Table 10.2-2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement (continued)

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Figure 10.8c Muscles promoting mastication and tongue movements.

Tongue Styloid process

Styloglossus
Genioglossus Hyoglossus
Mandibular symphysis Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
Thyroid cartilage Thyrohyoid

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 Table 10.3: Muscles of the Anterior Neck and
Throat: Swallowing
Sternocleidomastoid muscle divides neck into
two triangles (anterior and posterior)
Anterior muscles are divided based on location
to the hyoid bone: suprahyoid and infrahyoid
Most are involved in swallowing
Tongue and buccinator muscles push food back
towards pharynx, where muscles in posterior
mouth and pharynx complete swallowing process
Epiglottis closes over larynx while muscles in
walls of pharynx propel food forward to stomach

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 Table 10.3: Muscles of the Anterior Neck and
Throat: Swallowing (cont.)
Suprahyoid muscles
Four deep muscles involved in swallowing (move
hyoid bone and larynx)
Form floor of oral cavity
Anchor tongue
Elevate hyoid bone
Move larynx during swallowing

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Table 10.3-1 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing

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 Table 10.3: Muscles of the Anterior Neck and
Throat: Swallowing (cont.)
Infrahyoid muscles
Four straplike muscles
Depress hyoid bone and larynx as swallowing
ends and during speaking

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Table 10.3-2 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing (continued)

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Figure 10.9a Muscles of the anterior neck and throat used in swallowing.

Median raphe

Anterior Mylohyoid
Digastric belly Stylohyoid
Posterior Hyoid bone
belly
Stylohyoid (cut) Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid (superior belly)
Sternohyoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx Sternocleido-
Thyroid gland mastoid
Sternothyroid Omohyoid
(inferior belly)

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Figure 10.9b Muscles of the anterior neck and throat used in swallowing.

Platysma
(cut)
Mylohyoid

Omohyoid
(superior belly)
Sternohyoid
Sternocleido-
mastoid

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Figure 10.9c Muscles of the anterior neck and throat used in swallowing.

Tensor veli palatini

Levator veli palatini
Styloid process
Superior pharyngeal Buccinator
constrictor
Middle pharyngeal Mandible
constrictor
Hyoid bone Mylohyoid
(cut)
Thyrohyoid Geniohyoid
membrane
Hyoglossus
Inferior
pharyngeal Thyroid
constrictor cartilage
Esophagus of larynx
Trachea
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 Table 10.4: Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral
Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
Two functional groups
Anterolateral neck muscles: move head
Intrinsic muscles of the back: extend trunk and
maintain posture

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 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column:
Head Movement
Sternocleidomastoidmajor head flexor
Suprahyoid and infrahyoidsynergists to head
flexion
Sternocleidomastoid and scaleneslateral
head movements
Semispinalis capitissynergist with
sternocleidomastoid
Splenius (capitis and cervicis portions): head
extension, rotation, and lateral bending

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 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column:
Trunk Extension
Deep (intrinsic) back muscles
Erector spinae (sacrospinalis) groupprime
movers of back extension and lateral bending
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Semispinalis and quadratus lumborum
synergists in extension and rotation

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Table 10.4-1 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension

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Figure 10.10a Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Base of
occipital
1st cervical
bone
vertebra
Mastoid
process

Middle
scalene
Sternocleido-
mastoid
Anterior
scalene

Posterior
scalene

Anterior
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Table 10.4-1 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension

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Table 10.4-2 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension (continued)

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Table 10.4-3 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension (continued)

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Table 10.4-3 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension (continued)

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Figure 10.10b Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Mastoid process

Splenius
capitis
Spinous
processes
of the
vertebrae
Splenius
cervicis

Posterior
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Figure 10.10c Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Platysma (cut)

Sternocleidomastoid
(cut)
Internal jugular vein

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis major

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Figure 10.10d Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Ligamentum
Mastoid process nuchae
of temporal bone
Longissimus capitis Semispinalis
capitis
Semispinalis
Iliocostalis cervicis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis

Iliocostalis thoracis Semispinalis

thoracis
Longissimus
thoracis
Spinalis thoracis

Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae Spinalis

Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum Quadratus
lumborum
External oblique

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Figure 10.10e Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Intertransversarius

O
O
O origin Rotatores

insertion
Multifidus
O
Interspinales

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