Hydroregulation:
Prevents water loss (due to keratin and sebum)
Thermoregulation:
Helps regulate body temperature through radiation, evaporation, skin capillaries
dilation/constriction
Cutaneous absorption:
Only lipid based chemicals penetrate (significantly) the skin
Synthesis:
Skin synthesizes melanin (color), ketanin (toughness) and Vitamin D (Calcium
metabolism)
Sensory reception
Senses touch, pressure, heat, cold and tissue damage (pain)
Communication:
Reflects emotions through facial expressions, gland secretions
Epidermis
Derived from the ectoderm (outside skin) in embryonic development.
In 5 distinct cell layers:
Basal layer (stratum basale)
The single cell layer that is in contact with the dermis (the deepest layer of the epidermis).
Stratum spinosum
Several cell layers thick, often grouped with stratum basale as the stratum germinativum
Stratum granulosum
3-4 flattened cell layers
Cells contain the chemical precursor to keratin (keratohylin)
Epidermis
In 5 distinct cell layers:
- Basal layer (stratum basale)
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
-Stratum lucidum
- Present in thick skin (sole of
feet, translucent)
- Stratum corneum
-The actual protective layer
Keratinized or
cornified
Callus = thickened
portion of the stratum
corneum from friction
Stratum corneum has a number of roles:
Friction stimulates Keratin helps provide water repellency (water proofs
increased mitosis your skin)
in the stratum Also prevents water absorption when you immerse your
germinativum skin (swimming, washing your hands etc.)
Hair
Nail
Glands
- sebaceous glands
- sweat glands
Epidermal derivatives: Hair
Each hair made of a shaft, root and bulb
Shaft is what you see (dead cells)
Root is below the skin
Bulb located at the base of the root within the
follicle
Follicle is the sheath of epidermal cells around
the root
Cells divide in the bulb, push their way up
This is how hair grows in lengthcells
growing
Roughly 1mm every 3 days
Speed of growth varies with individual
and hair location
Hair
Hair thickness
- Depends on the size of the follicle and root
Integumentary system (skin)
The sebaceous
gland open in the
shaft.
Special types of hairs
Lanugo
- fine, silky fetal hair, appearing during third
trimester of development
Vellus
Fine, short hair replacing lanugo, present
especially in children and women
Terminal hair
- Coarse and pigmented (scalp, axillary, pubic
hairs..)
Additional definitions
- Angora hair: terminal hair that continues to grow
- Definitive hair: terminal hair that grow to a certain
length (most hairs)
Nails
Composed of a compressed layer of
stratum corneum cells
Key parts:
Body (what usually gets painted),
Free border (tip of the nail),
Nail bed (what the nail rests on
(stratus spinosum of the dermis)
Hyponychium = quick (stratum
corneum of the nail)
Eponychium = cuticle (covers the
hidden borderthe hangnail area)
Integumentary system (skin)
Epidermal derivatives:
Nails
Growth from the nail
matrix
Below the hidden
border
Lunula (semi-circle at
the base of the nail) is
all that you can see of
the nail matrix
Nails
Glands: sebaceous and sudoriferous
Sebaceous glands: oil glands
Associated with hair follicle
Sebaceous = secrete sebum
Sebum = lipid-rich secretion that lubricates & waterproofs the hair shaft
Vascular supply
nourish epidermis, hair root and dermis
itself
Dermal structures: Sensory endings
Touch, pressure
- Meissners corpuscles: light touch
- Pacinian corpuscles: pressure
- Free nerve endings: light touch,
temperature, pain
- Organs of Ruffini: pressure
- Bulbs of Krause: light touch
Pain receptors
- sense tissue damages
Temperature receptors
sense heat and cold
Skin Sensory receptors
Another view:
Clinical considerations
Wounds
Burns
Skin cancer
Aging
Wounds
Open skin is an entry door for
bacteria risk of infection.
Gravity depends on depth and area
involved.
Phases of healing:
Clot formation scab
Inflammatory response
Fibroblasts multiply granulations
Macrophages phagocytize debris
When dermis has filled up, epidermis
can grow to cover the area
If severe wound: scar tissue
Wound examples
Inflammation
4 cardinal symptoms
Bacteria in the wound
make contact with defense
cells such as mast cells
mast cells release histamine
Histamine promotes
increased permeability of
blood vessels tissue
swelling
Tissue swelling Pain
IInflammation
Symptoms of inflammation:
Bacteria also attrack - Redness
- heat
macrophages which - Swelling
-- pain
release chemical
promoting dilation of the
capillaries
(=vasodilation) more
blood skin area
becomes red (redness)
and hot (heat)
Burns
Gravity of burns is
determined by surface,
depth and location
Surface: law of 9
Burns
Gravity of burns is
determined by surface,
depth and location
Depth:
First degree burn:
involves epidermis only
redness (erythema)
sun burn - painful
- Skin heals and peals within
10 days no scarring
Burns
Gravity of burns is
determined by surface,
depth and location
Depth:
Second degree burn: upper
dermis involved blister -
painful
Epidermis heals within few
days little/no scarring
Burns
Gravity of burns is
determined by surface,
depth and location
Depth:
Third degree burn:
involves epidermis and
entire dermis (and
sometimes more)
Not painful! Why?
Skin tumors (benign and not)
Warts: due to a virus., treated
by cryosurgery
Skin cancers
Basal cell carcinoma:
most common, due to UV
exposure, arises from basal
cell,easily treated
Squamous cell
carcinoma: from cells
above basal cells, more
invasive
Malignant melanoma:
Due to melanocytes changing
moles very invasive
Skin tumors (benign and not)
Skin cancers
Basal cell carcinoma: most
common, due to UV exposure, arises
from basal cell,,easily treated
Squamous cell carcinoma:
from cells above basal cells, more
invasive
Malignant melanoma:
Due to melanocytes changing moles
very invasive
Melanomas
Usually, starts from a
mole