SPC

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
Today Learning's !!

1.Product Characteristics
2.Source of Process
3.Process Types
4.Variation & Its Causes
5.Tolerance
6.Standard Deviation
7.Interpretation of Stdev with Distribution
8.Calculating Std deviation
9. SPC ,Control Chart Selection & It interprets
10.Cp,CpK,Pp,Ppk

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
Product Characteristics

2 Types of Product Characteristics

Variable
Attribute

Variable A Characteristics measured in Physical units

eg : Millimeter, Volts
Attributes A characteristics measured by comparison
eg : Good and Bad

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Source of Process

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
Process Types

All Process have

Natural Variability (due to Common cause)
Un-Natural Variability (due to Special cause)

Stable Process Variation in Output is by only

common cause
Unstable Process Variation in Output is by both common &
Special cause

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Variation & Its causes

Variation : Inevitable changes in output over time

Two causes of Variation

Common Cause : Implemented in process due to design
of process
Special Cause : Not Present in process arises in
certain circumstances

Answer :
Poor design ?
Broken part ?

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Tolerance

Tolerance : Allowed Maximum variation in dimension

Otherwise called as Engineering Tolerance

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Quick recap

1. Two types of Product characteristics?

2. 5 source of Process?
3. Two types of Process?
4. Two Cause of variation ?
5. What is Engineering Tolerance ?

How Process speaks ?

What is Within control and Out of control in a process?

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Standard Deviation ()

Standard Deviation is a measure of Variability . It is denoted by

Greek letter . In Other words Data dispersion around mean

What is Population and Sample?

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Distribution & Standard Deviation and 3 Level

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Practical example to understand Distribution

Now, we can create an example of our own and understand

1. What is Observation X
2. What is Mean (X bar)
3. How to calculate std deviation?
4. What it interprets in distribution?
5. Histogram or Frequency Chart? Explanation
6. How bell curve is derived? Explanation
7. What is 6 ? What it tells? % derivation?

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
What is SPC

SPC : Statistical Process control

Statistical tool
Inspects random sample from a process
To determine whether the process is working properly or not
Forms Charts with data (Control charts) and Process speaks
Developed by Walter Schewart

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
Why We need to care about SPC ?

Suppose Supplier A parts are with in Spec

Supplier B parts are within Spec, But

DONT FIT TOGETHER WHY?

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Why We need charts

Data Charts
Information

Tools

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Control charts

It is a Chart, named as control charts because it interprets to

Us whether the process is in control or not

Remember, Two Types of data

Variable data
Attribute data

Based on data, We need to select the control charts !!

There should be some common factor also

Sample size

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Selection of Control charts

Based on Sample size & Data Type Selection of chart done

Variable data

Attribute data

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I IR- MR Charts
Sample size = 1

What : I stands for Individual; R Stands for Range; MR

stands for Moving Range
When : Situation like data are limited such as production low,
testing or Homogeneous Batches (Heat Treatment)
How : By Plotting Individual Measurements and Moving range
in separate graph and adding Center line

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
X bar X bar R X Bar S chart Sample size = 3 ~5

What : X Bar stands for average; R Stands for Range;

When : Situation like data are limited such as production High,
How : By Plotting average Measurements and range
in separate graph and adding Center line with spec
(Sub Group-->>>>>)

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
Attribute Charts

Attributes data are Count data where each data is classified in

one of two categories eg., Good or Bad ; Pass or Fail

Defects is Non conformity eg., No.of defects in that unit / board /

piece

Defectives is Non conformance eg., That unit / board / piece

which has one or more defects is called defectives

What are Defects in

Which of the following is the source
item
of Attribute datas Cap
Loose
1. Cap loose (one of
defect)
2. Label wrong
1.Testing Why ? 3. Breakage
2.Productivity Why ?
Label
3.Caliper measurement Why ? wron What is Defective here
g
4.Ring gage Why ? Breaka
5.Answer paper Why ? ge WATER BOTTLE (unit)

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM 19
Chart Types

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Selection of Chart : Attribute

See Sample size first

Constant Sample size C chart or nP chart
Variable Sample size P chart or U chart
See type of data
Defects C chart or nP chart
Defectives P chart or U chart

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Now Tell

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Short Term (Sst) & Long Term (Slt) Standard Deviation

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Cp,Cpk,Pp,Ppk

Cp Process Capability
Ability of a production process to meet desired spec
Common Cause capability
Short Term
Pp Process Performance
Ability of a production Process to meet desired spec
Includes special cause
Long Term

Cpk, Ppk are indexes Numbers of Cp, Pp

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Calculate Cp, Cpk

Cp = Engineering Tolerance / 6

Engineering Tolerance = USL LSL

Engineering Tolerance with Std Deviation = USL- Avg/ 3

= Avg LSL/ 3

Cp = Engineering Tolerance / 6 * Sst (see next page)

(Question here)

Cpk = Smaller of Engineering Tolerance with Std Deviation

(Question here)

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM
Cp,Cpk,Pp,Ppk

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Data for calculating Cp.. Illustration

Observations =

Customer Spec = 60 +- 5

1. n=
2. Avg =
3.Std dev =
4.Eng Tolerance =
5.Cp =
6.Cpk =

Lets do this XL

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Higher the better

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Presentation By Senthilkumar RM