INSTRUMENTS USE IN

HEMATOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Microscope
Centrifuge
ESR Tubes
Slides
Microscope:

Microscope is an instrument which is used for

the observation of tiny particles which we cant
see with our naked eye, like Viruses, Bacteria,
and Fungi etc.
Type of Microscopes:

Optical Microscope
Electron microscope
Scanning probe microscope
X-Ray Microscope
Ultra sonic Microscope
Parts of Microscope:
Eye piece
Head
Objectives
Frame
Nosepiece
Stage
Iris diaphragm
Condenser
Coarse focus
Fine focus
Illumination system
Base
Light source
Uses of Microscope:

Microscopeshelp the scientists to study the microorganisms , the cells ,

the crystalline structures and the molecular structures , They are one of
the most important diagnostic tools when the doctors examine the tissue
samples .
Microscopesare used to diagnosis the illness in the hospitals and the
clinics all over the world ,Microscopesmagnifythe bloodsamples , so ,
The doctors can see the malaria parasites attacking the redbloodcells .
Microscopic examinationconfirms the laboratory tests that may be
positive for the disease ,Technicianscount the number of redbloodcells
infected with malaria to give the doctors an idea of how advanced the
disease is in a patient .
ESR:

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the

rate at which red blood cells sediment in a
period of one hour. It is a common hematology
test, and is a non-specific measure of
inflammation.
Method for the measurement of ESR:

Westergreen method
Normal
Value (7-15 mm in Men & 12-17 mm in
women)
Wintrobe method
Normal
value (3-5 mm in Men & 4-7 mm in
women)
Some of the feature of ESR tubes:
Features Wintrobe tube Westergreen tube

Length of tube 110 mm 300 mm

Bore of tube 2.5 mm 2.5 mm

Type of tube Closed at one end Open at both ends

Graduation Upto 100 mm mark Upto 200 mark

Anticoagulants EDTA Sodium citrate or EDTA

Filling of Tube Difficult Easy

Dilution No dilution is involved Dilution is involved

Sensitivity Sensitive for low ESR Sensitive for High ESR

Amount of blood Less blood is required More blood is required

Additional tests Pcv, buffy coat & Biochemical Tests No additional tests can be done

Reading At the end of 1 hour At the end of 2 hour

Conditions:
Conditions in which ESR is increased:
Chronic disease like tuberculosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Autoimmune disease like rheumatoid arthritis
Heart disease
Anemia
Pregnancy
Multiple myeloma
Urinary tract infection
Conditions in which ESR is decreased:
Polycythemia
Sickle cell anemia
Slides:

A microscope slide is a thin flat piece ofglass,

typically 75 by 26mm(3 by 1 inches) and about
1mmthick, used to hold objects for
examination under a microscope.
Type of smears:

Thick blood smear ( Used for the examination of parasite especially

Malarial Parasites)
Thin blood smear ( Used for the examination of Blood Cells & DLC
count)
Centrifuge:

A machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force

to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different densities (e.g.
cream from milk) or liquids from solids.
Principle:
Thecentrifugeworks using the sedimentationprinciple, where the
centripetal acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move
outward in the radial direction. At the same time, objects that are less
dense are displaced and move to the center.
Type of Centrifuge:

Small Bench Centrifuges:

Large Capacity Refrigerated Centrifuges:
High Speed Refrigerated Centrifuges:
Ultra Centrifuges:
Fixed Angle Rotors:
Vertical Tube Rotors:
Zonal Rotors:
Elutriator Rotors: