Lecture Note 2

Governing Equations

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Forms of the Governing Fluid-Flow
Equations
Fluid dynamics is governed by conservation of:
Mass: change of mass = 0;
Momentum: change of momentum = force
time;
Energy: change of energy = work + heat;
Additional equations may apply for non-
homogeneous fluids (e.g. containing dissolved
chemicals or imbedded particles).
These physical principles can be expressed
mathematically in many different ways.
Differential form or Integral Form

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 Although there are different fluid-flow variables, most
of them satisfy a single generic equation: the scalar-
transport or advection-diffusion equation.
The rate of change of some quantity within an
arbitrary control volume is determined by:
the net rate of transport across the bounding surface
(flux);
the net rate of production within that control volume
(source).

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 The flux across the bounding surface can be
divided into:
advection: transport with the flow;
diffusion: net transport by molecular or
turbulent fluctuations.

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Conservative Form of the Flow Equations

Mass (Continuity)
Physical principle (mass conservation): mass is
neither created nor destroyed.

d
mass net outward mass flux 0
dt
Integral form: Differential form:
u v w
dV u dA 0 0
t V A t x y z

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Mass (Continuity) - contd

Consider a small volume of dxdydz

Y
dz
dy

X
dx
Z

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Mass (Continuity) - contd

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Mass flow in CV = Mass flow out of CV+ Accumulation of
mass in CV

or

or

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For Steady State
Integral form: u dA 0
A

u v w
Differential form: 0
x y z
For Incompressible flow

Integral form: u dA 0
A

u v w
Differential form: 0
x y z

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 Momentum
Physical principle (Newtons Second Law): rate of
change of momentum = force.

The total rate of change of momentum for fluid passing

through a control volume consists of:
time rate of change of total momentum inside the
control volume; plus
net momentum flux (difference between rate at which
momentum leaves and enters).

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Remember that momentum, velocity and force are vectors.
There are strictly 3 component equations.

1) Fluid Forces:
There are two main types:
surface forces (proportional to area; act on control-
volume faces)
body forces (proportional to volume)

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 Surface forces are usually expressed in terms of stress (=
force per unit area):
force = stress area
The main surface forces are:
pressure p: always acts normal to a surface;
viscous stresses : frictional forces arising from relative
motion.

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2) Body forces
The main body forces are:
a) Gravity: the force per unit volume is g
b) Centrifugal and Coriolis forces (apparent forces in a
rotating reference frame)

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Momentum Equations
a) in Integral form:

ui dV ui u j dA j ij dA j fi dV
t V A A V
Momentum Net Momentum Surface Body forces
in Cell flux forces

b) in Differential form:
ui u j p ij
ui fi
t x j xi x j

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Where

and

ui u j 2 uk
ij ij

x j x i 3 x k

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X Momentum :

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Inlet Momentum:

Outlet Momentum:

Accumulation of Momentum in CV:

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Hence, Rate of Change of Momentum :

Forces:

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 Y

Z
In X- direction :

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Now

Combining, X Momentum becomes

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Similarly, for Y Momentum:

and Z Momentum :

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Stokes Hypothesis:

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 Incompressible Flow Equations

X- Momentum:
uu uv uw
u
t x y z
p 2u 2u 2u
2 2 fx
x 2
x y z

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 Incompressible Flow Equations

Y- Momentum:

uv vv vw
v
t x y z
p 2v 2v 2v
2 2 fy
y 2
x y z

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 Incompressible Flow Equations

Z- Momentum:

uw vw ww
w
t x y z
p 2w 2w 2w
2 2 fz
z x
2
y z

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General Scalar
A similar equation may be derived for any physical
quantity that is advected or diffused by a fluid
flow.
For each such quantity an equation is solved for the
concentration (i.e. amount per unit mass) : for
example, the concentration of salt, sediment or a
chemical constituent.
Diffusion occurs when concentration varies with
position. It typically involves transport from regions of
high concentration to regions of low concentration, at
a rate proportional to area and concentration
gradient.

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 Balancing the rate of change, the net flux
through the boundary and rate of production
yields:
rate of change + net outward flux = source

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or in differential form

u v w

t x y z
2 2 2
2
2
2
S
x y z

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Values of
Equation S
Continuity 1 0 0
X-Momentum u

Y-Momentum v

Z-Momentum w

Energy T

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 Summary
Fluid dynamics is governed by conservation
equations for mass, momentum, energy (and, for
a non-homogeneous fluid, the amount of individual
constituents).
The governing equations can be expressed in
equivalent integral (control-volume) or differential
forms.
The finite-volume method is a direct discretisation
of the control-volume equations.

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 Differential forms of the flow equations may be
conservative (i.e. can be integrated directly to
something of the form fluxout fluxin = source) or
non-conservative.
A particular control-volume equation takes the
form:
rate of change + net outward flux = source

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Physical and Mathematical
classification of
Partial Differential
Equations

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 Introduction

Many important processes in nature are governed

by Partial Differential Equation (PDE).

It is necessary to understand the physical

behaviour of the model presented by PDE.

Knowledge of the mathematical character is

required as it governs the solution process.

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 Physical Classification
1. Equilibrium Problem
Solution of a given PDE is desired in a closed
domain subject to prescribed boundary conditions
(BC)
They are also known as Boundary Value
problems.
PDEs must be
Satisfied in D

Domain, D
BC must be
satisfied in B
B
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 Equilibrium Problem, Contd
Examples:
Steady state heat conduction
Incompressible fluid flow etc.

In equilibrium problems, solution of PDE at every

point in the domain depends on BC.
Mathematically, they are governed by Elliptic
PDEs.

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 Marching Problem
Marching or propagation problems are transient-
like problems.
Solution of PDEs are required on an open domain
subject to a set of initial conditions and BCs.
Solution must be computed by marching outward
from initial data while satisfying the boundary
conditions.
Mathematically these problems are governed by
hyperbolic or parabolic PDEs.
Also known as Initial Value Problems.

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 Marching Problem contd
Examples:
Transient heat conduction
Boundary layer problem.

PDEs must be
t or y Satisfied in D

BC must be
Domain, D satisfied in B
B

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 Mathematical Classification
A practical method of classifying PDEs is
developed for a second order PDE in two
coordinates x and y.

where a, b, c, d, e, f are functions of , i.e. we consider

linear equation.
The classification of PDE is governed by the behaviour
of its highest derivative.
We need to consider the second derivative.

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 Mathematical Classification, contd.
The classification of linear second order equation
can be expressed as
If

Let us consider the equation

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Mathematical Classification, contd.
We look the behaviour within the region -1<y<1
Here, a = y, b = 0 and c = 1

Now, if

y > 0, b2 4ac < 0 equation is elliptic

Hence, the equation is locally hyperbolic, parabolic or

elliptic depending on the value of y.

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 Mathematical Classification, contd.
System of Equations

In applying numerical methods to physical

problems, system of equations are frequently
encountered.
In those cases where process is governed by a
higher order PDE, the PDE can be converted to a
systems of first-order.

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Mathematical Classification, contd.

Let us consider this:

Then we can write

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 Mathematical Classification, contd.
Hellwig has presented classification for system of equations
of the form

This system can be written as

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Mathematical Classification, contd.
and

Let

and

Now if

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 Important Equations

Linear Wave Equation

Inviscid Burgers Equation

Burgers Equation

Poissions Equation

Helmholtz Equation

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 Thank You

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