Oleh :

Amien Widodo
HP : 08121780246 Email : amien@ce.its.ac.id
PROSES PEMADATAN BUMI
 Silicate rocks

Silicate material,
Olivine, pyroxene

+ Ni
1.Mineral
2.Batuan
3.Tanah
4.Fosil
5.Fluida
6.Gas
7.?
 5
pseudo-hexagonal crystalline
aggregate of muscovite

Biotite
 Minerals
Natural
Solid
Inorganic
Definite chemical
composition
Crystal structure due
to internal
arrangement of atoms

http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/index.htm
 General Facts about Minerals
Between 2 - 3,000 have been identified
A few are native elements -- made of
only one element, such as sulfur, gold.
copper, and graphite (carbon)
Most are compounds, especially the
silicate group (Si, O).
Other important groups are oxides,
carbonates, and sulfides.
 Less than a dozen are common
in most rocks
Quartz Olivine
Feldspar (group) Amphibole (group)
Muscovite (white Magnetite, limonite,
mica) and other iron
Biotite (black mica) oxides
Calcite Pyrite
Pyroxene
 Common uses include:
Aluminum--packaging, transport, building
Beryllium--gemstones, fluorescent lights
Copper--electric cables, wires, switches
Feldspar--glass and ceramics
Iron--buildings, automobiles, magnets
Calcite--toothpaste, construction
http://www.mii.org/commonminerals.php
 How do we identify minerals?
1. Color:
Different colors may result from
impurities or defect in
Physical properties of lattice
minerals:
1. Color
2. Luster
3. Hardness
4. Crystal shape
5. Cleavage
6. Specific gravity
7. Other
 results from ability to
Color absorb some
wavelengths and reflect
others
some minerals have
characteristics colors
others vary due to
chemical differences or
impurities (atoms mixed
inside the main elements)

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/calcite/images/4assortd.htm
 Streak
Color of the powder
when rubbed on a
streak plate
(unglazed porcelain)
May be same as hand-
specimen or different
Some paint is based on
powdered minerals
(streaks).

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/hematite/hematit6.htm
 Describes how light
Luster reflects off the surface
Main categories are
metallic and non-
metallic
Non-metallic includes
dull, glassy, waxy,
pearly, and
othershttp://www.mineral
s.net/mineral/sulfides/pyri
te/pyrite2.htm

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm
 2. Streak color of a mineral
in powdered form (used for
metallic minerals). Obtained
by scratching a mineral on a
piece of unglazed porcelain.

3. Luster:
How a mineral surface reflects light
Two major types Hematite

Metallic luster Non-metallic luster

4. Crystal shape (or form):
external expression of a minerals
internal atomic structure

Galena, metallic Orthoclase, non-metallic

5. Hardness:
How easy it is to scratch a mineral

Mohs Scale of hardness is relative scale

consists of 10 minerals, ranked 1 (softest)
to 10 (hardest)

Hardest (10) Diamond

Softest (1) Talc

Common objects:
- Fingernail (2.5)
- Copper penny (3.5)
- Wire nail (4.5)
- Glass (5.5)
- Streak plate (6.5)
 Crystal Shape (Form)
External structure due to
internal arrangement of
the atoms
Six basic groups of
shapes, with about three
dozen variations

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/aragonit/aragoni1.htm
 Mineral cleavage/fracture

Some minerals split along flat surfaces

when struck hard--this is called mineral
cleavage
Other minerals break unevenly along rough
or curved surfaces--this is called fracture
A few minerals have both cleavage and
fracture
6. Cleavage:
Tendency of a
mineral to break
along planes of
weakness. Do not
confuse cleavage
planes with crystal
faces! Crystal faces
are just on the
surface and may not
repeat when the
mineral is broken. halite
calcite
7. Specific gravity:
Weight of a mineral divided by weight of an equal
volume of water. Examples: Quartz = 2.67, Galena =
7.5, Gold = 19.4

8. Other properties:
Reaction with hydrochloric acid (calcite fizzes)
Taste (halite tastes salty)
Feel (talc feels soapy, graphite feels greasy)
Magnetism (magnetite attracts a magnet)
Fracture and parting
Conchoidal
Parting
fracturing
 Density (Specific Gravity)
All minerals have
density (mass / volume),
but some are very dense
Examples include galena,
magnetite, and gold
Specific Gravity is the
density of the mineral
compared with density of
water

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/elements/gold/gold1.htm
Special Characteristics--
the Acid Test
Carbonates react
with dilute HCl and
other acids by
fizzing or bubbling
(releasing CO2 gas)
 Special Characteristics--
Fluorescence
Some minerals will
glow when placed
under short-wave or
long-wave ultraviolet
rays
Franklin and
Ogdensburg NJ are
famous for their
fluorescent minerals

http://www.sterlinghill.org/Tour%20information.htm
 Special Characteristics--
Salty Taste
DO NOT TASTE
MOST MINERALS!
Halite is the
exception--it will
taste salty

http://mineral.galleries.com/scripts/item.exe?LIST+Minerals+Halides+Halite
 Special Characteristics--
Magnetism
Many iron minerals
will produce an
invisible magnetic
force field
Lodestone was
used by Vikings
more than 1,000
years ago as
compasses

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/magnetit/magneti4.htm
 ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
About 30 common minerals make up most rocks in Earths
crust
Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over
Element Abundances 98% of the crust

Silica
TE S
A (SiO4)4-
SI L IC

Common cations that

bond with silica anions
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
Native elements (metal):
native gold (Au), native copper (Cu), native sulfur (S),
native silver (Ag), graphite (C), diamond (C)
Sulfides (metal + S):
pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS)
Sulfates (metal + SO4):
gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O), anhydrite (CaSO4), barite (BaSO4)
Oxides (metal + O):
water ice (H2O), hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4),
corundum (Al2O3)
Halides (metal + Cl or F halogens):
halite (NaCl), fluorite (CaF2)
Hydroxides (metal + OH):
limonite (iron hydroxide), bauxite (aluminum hydroxide)
Carbonates (metal + CO3):
calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
Phosphates (metal + PO4):
apatite
Others: borates, urananates
Silicates (metal + Si and O):
quartz (SiO2), Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8), Plagioclase (CaAl2Si2O8),
Albite (NaAlSi3O8)
 Mineral Groups

Non-ferromagnesian
Silicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)

Ferromagnesian
Silicates (Fe, Mg)

Oxides
Carbonates
Sulfides/sulfates
Native elements
 Mineral Groups
Silicates (most abundant)
Non-silicates (~8% of Earths crust):
Oxides O2-, Carbonates (CO3)2-, Sulfides
S2-, Sulfates (SO4)2-, Halides Cl-, F-, Br-
Native elements (single elements; e.g., Au)

IN SILICATES

m ay
d ron s
t r a h e t wa y
c a te eren
Sili in diff
link
 Silicate
Discontinuous series Continuous series
minerals
Olivine, Pyrxene, Anorthite, albite,
Amphibole, Mica Orthoclase, Quartz
 1. OLIVINES
DISCONTINUOUS High temperature Fe-Mg silicates
Individual tetrahedra linked together by iron and
SILICATES
magnesium ions
Forms small, rounded crystals with no cleavage
2. PYROXENES
Single chain structures involving iron and magnesium
Two distinctive cleavages at nearly 90
Augite is the most common mineral in the pyroxene group
3. AMPHIBOLES
Double chain structures involving a variety of ions
Two perfect cleavages exhibiting angles of 124 and 56 degrees
Hornblende is the most common mineral in the amphibole group
4. MICAS
Sheet structures involving a variety of ions
One perfect cleavage direction
Thin, flexible elastic sheets
Biotite is the dark iron-rich member of the mica group
 1. FELDSPARS
CONTINUOUS Most common mineral group
Exhibit two directions of cleavage at 90
SILICATES
Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) and Plagioclase (Na
and Ca feldspar) are the two most common members

Plagioclase Orthoclase
2. QUARTZ
Only common silicate composed entirely of oxygen
and silicon. Hard (H = 7) and resistant to weathering
Conchoidal fracture, no cleavage
Often forms hexagonal crystals, Color varies
 The Rock Cycle
Thinking about relationships among
the major rock groups
 Major Rock Groups
Igneous
Formed from a melt (molten rock)
Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling and crystallization
Volcanic (extrusion): quick cooling at the surface
Sedimentary
Formed at the Earths surface
Clastic (Mineral Fragments or grains, clays)
Chemical (crystalline chemical/biochemical precipitates)
Metamorphic
Changed by pressure, temperature and fluids.
Fig. 2.9

MAGMA
IGNEOUS

Crystallization

MAGMA
IGNEOUS
Plutonic

Crystallization

MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic

Crystallization

MAGMA
 Weathering

Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic

Crystallization

Uplift MAGMA
 Weathering SEDIMENT

Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic

Crystallization

Uplift MAGMA
 Erosion
Weathering SEDIMENT

Transport

Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY

Plutonic

Crystallization

Uplift MAGMA
 Erosion
Weathering SEDIMENT

Transport

Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY

Plutonic

Crystallization

Uplift MAGMA
 Erosion
Weathering SEDIMENT

Transport

Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY

Plutonic Increased P&T

METAMORPHIC
Crystallization

Burial
Uplift MAGMA
 Erosion
Weathering SEDIMENT

Transport

Deposition
Volcanic Can you see
IGNEOUS any shortcuts? SEDIMENTARY

Plutonic Increased P&T

METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift MAGMA
 Erosion
Weathering SEDIMENT

Transport

Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY

Plutonic Increased P&T

METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift MAGMA
 In Conclusion

The rock cycle demonstrates

the relationships among the
three major rock groups
It is powered by the interior
heat of the Earth
As well as earths
momentum and
The energy from the sun
It involves processes on the
Earths surface as well as
the Earths interior
It connects the hydrologic
cycle with the tectonic
cycle.
 Useful Web Sites

www.mii.org
www.mineral.galleries.com/minerals
www.mineral.net
www.usgs.gov