3/30/15Aim: How can we

describe the components of

blood?
Do Now:1-how was blood typing
discovered?
2- Who used it in forensics
first?
3-is blood individual or class
evidence? EXPLAIN

HW: Read Chapter 11, read pages 306-308 page 329 330
questions 2,5,6
 Discovery of human blood
type
1901 Dr. Karl
Landsteiner discovered
that blood can be
divided into different
categories
(A, B, AB, and O)
 Leone Lattes 1887-1954
Lattes that was intrigued and
thought that these groupings
could be used for
identification purposes.
He devised a procedure which
determined the blood group
of a dried bloodstain
that it could be checked against
potential suspects
 A. Serology
Serology the study of bodily fluids.
Blood is the most common bodily fluid found at
crime scenes. Study of blood is hematology

How much
blood do we
have in our
bodies?
 Human body
About 7% of body weight is made up
of blood
5.5 liters about 11.6 pints
3 liters of that is plasma
 Parts Of Blood
Plasma

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

Platelets
Q: Think back to Living
Environment. What is the role
of each blood part?
 1-Plasma
Made up mostly of
water (92%)
Dissolved all water
soluble compounds
Glucose, ions,
metabolites,
alcohol, minerals,
proteins, hormones
etc
 How can we describe
plasma?
1. Plasma
a. liquid portion of blood.
b. 55% of total blood
volume.
c. 90% water.
d. 10% salts, proteins,
glucose, amino acids,
enzymes, hormones, and
cellular wastes
 Why are red blood cells
important?
2. Red Blood Cells - erythrocytes
a. Small donut shaped cells
b. Contain hemoglobin (iron) the
red oxygen carrying pigment.
c. Mature RBCs have NO NUCLEUS
d. Control blood type = NO DNA!!
Why are RBCs
important to
investigators?
Structure of Red blood cell

NO NUCLEUS
Contain the protein
hemoglobin
Made of 4 polypeptide chains
each with a binding site for
Iron (Fe)
Which creates 4 binding
sites for oxygen or Carbon
dioxide and carbon
monoxide
Your body makes about 2
million RBC every second
 Science fact

5 million RBCs can fit on

the head of a pin, and over
5 trillion RBCs are present
in your body at any given
time.
 Why are white blood cells
important to investigators?
3. White Blood Cells - leukocytes
a. Large cells with a nucleus =
DNA
b. Less numerous than RBCs.
c. Defenders of the body.
 Tuesday 3/31/15
AIM: how is human blood typed?
DO NOW: 1- Take out the homework that
was assigned Thursday q 2,5,6 pg 330
2- List the 4 parts of blood
3- Explain how human blood can be both
individual and class evidence
4- which part of the blood is responsible
for type?
HOMEWORK: Text page 330 q 3 and 4
 Which of the cells have Class
or Individual Characteristic?
Why?
Class Individual
Red blood Cells White blood Cells
 =

Explain which parts of the blood

would be most useful to a forensic
investigator. Be sure to explain why.
 How can we
describe Platelets?

4. Platelets - thrombocytes

a. Smaller than RBCs

and
WBCs
b. blood clotting
Platelets: clot damaged blood
vessels
 How is blood used as
evidence?
B. Blood in Forensics
Blood samples Analyzed to
determine
BLOOD TYPE and DNA, which can
be
matched
to possible suspects.
Blood droplets Analyzed to give
clues to the location of a WOUND,
movement of a VICTIM, and type of
INJURY.
Blood spatter Analyzed to
determine PATTERNS that give clues
to how a crime happened.
Serology covers all of these
 What do we know about
blood types and blood typing?
ABO blood grouping system

According to the ABO blood

typing system there are four
different kinds of blood types:
A, B, AB or O (null).
What are the different blood groups?

The differences in human blood are due to the

presence or absence of certain protein molecules
called antigens and antibodies.

The antigens are located on the surface of the

RBCs and the antibodies are in the blood
plasma.

Individuals have different types and

combinations of these molecules.

The blood group you belong to depends on

what you have inherited from your parents.
 How is blood type
determined?
RBCs are covered by protein
molecules called Antigens.
The antigens determine the
blood type.
 Antibody
Defend against foreign antigens
Float in the plasma
 Rh factor: rheusus factor
Separate gene
If you have it you are Rh + and you
make the protein
If you dont have it you are Rh and
you dont make the protein
 Aim: How is blood type
determined?
Do Now:
1. Describe why red blood
cells are forensically
important.
2. Explain how human
blood type is determinedHW:QUIZ
3- list the 4 blood types tomorrow
 Rh factor: rheusis factor
Named after the rheusis monkey
Determines positive or negative blood
If you have the gene you express the
protein and have + blood
If you dont have the gene you are Rh
This becomes a problem at child birth
If mom + blood mixes with babies
blood the baby could die
Ryan the rheusus monkey
 Rh Factor
Rh is another antigen
found on RBCs.
If the Rh antigen is
present the persons
blood type is
considered positive, In 1940, Landsteiner and Weiner
reported the discovery of the Rh
if absent the person factor by studying the blood of the
is negative. Rhesus monkey. 85 percent of
Ex. O+ or AB- Caucasians, 94 percent of Black
Americans, and 99 percent of all
Asians are Rh positive.
 ABO and Rh blood type
frequencies
O-positive: 38 percent.
O-negative: 7 percent.
A-positive: 34 percent.
A-negative: 6 percent.
B-positive: 9 percent.
B-negative: 2 percent.
AB-positive: 3 percent.
AB-negative: 1 percent.
 Blood typing vocabulary
1. Antigen Protein marker found on
Red Blood Cell. IDs the cell. (ex. if
a cell has the A antigen, then it is a
type A blood cell).
2. Antibody Found in blood plasma
and used by body to fight off harmful
substances. Anti-A or Anti-B if body
has B antibody, it will fight ALL cells
that have that marker.
 Antigen-antibody response
If a foreign antigen enters the body,
it is attacked by antibodies
Causes agglutination: blood clotting
 Blood Types

http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html
Who is the Universal Donor/Receiver?

1. Universal Donor TYPE O, can give

blood to anyone.
2. Universal Receiver TYPE AB, can
receive blood from anyone.
- Which would you rather
be??
 Illustration of the forward and reverse
grouping reaction patterns of the ABO
groups using a blood group tile

http://www.bh.rmit.edu.au/mls/subjects/abo/resources/genetics1.htm
When RBCs carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the
corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate; that is, clump
together. People usually have antibodies against those red cell
antigens that they lack.

Human RBC before (left) and after (right) adding serum

containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction
reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the
cells.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B
/BloodGroups.html
AB0 blood grouping system

Blood group A
If you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the
surface of your RBCs and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

Blood group B
If you belong to the blood group B, you have B
antigens on the surface of your RBCs and A
antibodies in your blood plasma.
 Blood type A
Has A antigens, and B
antibodies.
 Blood type B
Has B antigens and A
antibodies
Blood group AB
If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the
surface of your RBCs and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.

Blood group O
If you belong to the blood group O
(null), you have neither A or B
antigens on the surface of your RBCs
but you have both A and B antibodies
in your blood plasma.
 Blood Type AB
Has both antigens (A + B)
and neither antibodies.
 Blood Type O
Has neither antigen and both
antibodies A and B
 Blood typing activity
In order to complete the activity we need to learn a little
vocab
1.Antigen Protein marker found on Red Blood Cell. IDs
the cell. (ex. if a cell has the A antigen, then it is a
type A blood cell).
2.Antibody Found in blood plasma and used by body to
fight off harmful substances. Anti-A or Anti-B if body
has B antibody, it will fight ALL cells that have that
marker.
Using this info, figure out which blood types can be
safely transfused.
 Monday 4/13/15
AIM: how are blood transfusions determined?
DO NOW: 1-What is the universal receiver
and why?
2- What is the universal donor and why?
HOMEWORK: Text read page 317. answer
the following:
1-How do you package and store blood
evidence?
2- Who is Dr. Sam Sheppard and what was his
crime?
Who is the Universal Donor/Receiver?

1. Universal Donor TYPE O, can give

blood to anyone.
2. Universal Receiver TYPE AB, can
receive blood from anyone.
- Which would you rather
be??
 AB is the universal
receiver because it has NO
antibodies so it will not
attack but also it has both
antigens so none are
foreign
O is the universal donor
because it has no antigens
so it is not recognized by
antibodies
ABO blood groups in the
US population
In your notes complete the chart
Blood type chart
BLOOD TYPE ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES
(ID tags) (Weapons in blood)
A

AB

O
 Blood type chart
BLOOD TYPE ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES
(ID tags) (Weapons in blood)
A A Anti - B

B B Anti - A

AB none
A and B

O
none Anti-A & Anti-B
 What happens when a
person with blood type B
receives a transfusion
from blood type A?
Antibody A from blood
type B will attack antigen
A on the RBC of the
transfused blood type A
Safe Blood Transfusions

Recipient Can safely

receive from
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Safe Blood Transfusions

Recipient Can safely

receive from
Type A A, O

Type B B, O

Type AB A, B, AB, O

Type O O only
 What happens if you give a
victim the wrong blood type?
Agglutination: antigen antibody response in blood typing

Agglutination = + No agglutination = -

This fact helps investigators identify sample

blood types.
Lets see if you can save
these patients
Blood Typing
 Summary
1. How is blood type determined?
2. I have type O+ blood. What antigens do I
have on my RBCs? What antibodies are in
my blood?
3. Is it safe to give someone with type B blood
a transfusion of type AB? Why or why not?
4. From which types can type B blood safely
receive samples from.
5. Which blood type is considered the
universal receiver?
Is it safe to give someone
with type B blood a
transfusion of type AB?
Why or why not?
 Tuesday 4/14/15
AIM: How is blood analyzed from the crime scene?
DO NOW: IN DETAIL explain what would happen if
a person with blood type O received a transfusion
from blood type AB.
HOMEWORK: Text read page 317. answer the
following:
1-How do you package and store blood evidence?
2- Who is Dr. Sam Sheppard and what was his
crime?