topic: storage of particulate solids:

Presented by :
Muhammad Haris Minhas
12063123-037
University Of Gujrat Chemical
Engineering Department
Waseem Ahmad
12063123-001

Presented to:
Engr. Waqas Qamar
Storage of Solids

There are two types of storage

Outdoor storage
Confined storage
 Outdoor storage:

Coarse solid are stored outside in large piles ,when

hundred or thousand of ton of material are involved.
Out storage can be effected by environmental problem
such as dusting or leaching of soluble material from the
piles.
Dusting is control by covering the piles
Leaching can be control by covering or by locating it in a
shallow basin .
Outdoor storage:

Coal storage Gravel storage

 Confined storage.

Solids that are valuable and can be effected by the

environment in out door piles are stored in Bins, Hopper
and Silos

Silos Bin
 Silos

Silo is a storage structure for

storing bulk materials like
storage of grain,coal,cement,
food products etc
Silo is tall and relatively small
in diameter which is used for
bin storage.
TYPES OF SILO

Cement storage silos

Tower silo
Low-oxygen tower silos
Bag silos
 Cement storage silos

There are different types of cement silos such as the low-

level mobile silo and the static upright cement silo.
The low-level silos are fully mobile with capacities from 10
to 75 tons.
The static upright silos have capacities from 20 to 80 tons.

These are considered a low-maintenance option .
Fig

Low level mobile Static upright

silos cement silos
 Tower silo

Tower silos are cylindrical structures,

typically 10 to 90ft in diameter and 30
to 275ft in height.
Silos can be loaded and unloaded by
using rail cars or conveyors.
Silos storing grain, cement and
woodchips.
 Bag silos

Bag silos are heavy plastic tubes, usually around 8 to 12ft in

diameter, and of variable length as required for the amount of
material to be stored.
They can be used as a temporary measure when growth or
harvest conditions require more space
 Low-oxygen tower silos

Low-oxygen silos are designed to keep

the contents in a low-oxygen
atmosphere at all times, to keep the
fermented contents in a high quality
state, and to prevent mold and decay.
Low-oxygen silos are only opened
directly to the atmosphere during the
loading.
Bin Storage:

A bin is typically much shorter than a silo, and is

typically used for holding dry matter such as
concrete or grain.
Bins may be round or square,
Round bins tend to empty more easily due to lake of
corners,
The stored material may be powdered, as seed
kernels, or as cob corn.
Fig:

Square Bins. Round Bins

Hoppers

Hopper is small vessel with a sloping bottom for a

temporary storage before feeding solids to a
process.
It is filled at the top and Discharge is from the base,

Pile of bulk
Hopper can be vibrated externally to encourage solids
flow

Angle of sloping sides angle of repose.
Fig of Hopper:
 Mass and Core flow from a Hopper

Core flow occurs All the powder in

when only the hopper is in
material in the motion with Mass
centre flows from flow
the hopper
 Intermediate Bulk Container

An IBC is a mobile hopper moved by pallet/fork

truck
Volume usually about 1m3, stainless steel
Can store material that is waiting for further
processing
Filled at top and placed on an IBC discharge station
for emptying.
 Pressure in bins & silos:

The pressure of solid exerted on the wall at any point is less

than predicted from head of material above that point.
The effect of friction force.
The actual pressure of the solid depends on
value of K
coefficient of friction
way the solid are placed in the vessel.
Effect of height of solid
Arch breaker
Flow out of Bins:

Flow through a side

Flow through a bottom
Factor affecting the flow:
Steepness of the wall
Coefficient friction between solid and wall.
Discharge opening
Property of solid
 Flow Modes

Mass Flow:
All the material is in motion, but not necessarily at the
same velocity

Tunnel Flow :
Centrally moving core, dead or non-moving annular
region

KVJ
 Mass Flow

D
Does not imply plug
flow with equal
velocity

Material in
motion
along the walls
KVJ
Mass Flow Advantages:

Flow is more consistent

Stress field is more predictable
Full bin capacity is utilized
First in/first out principle
Mass flow disadvantages:

wall wear is higher (esp. for abrasives)

Higher stresses on walls
More height is required
 Tunnel Flow

Active Flow
Channel
Dead or non-
flowing region

KVJ 3/17/00
Tunnel flow Disadvantage:

Speed of Flow
Flushing
Inadequate Emptying
Time Consolidation - Caking

Flushing: Uncontrolled flow from a hopper due to powder being

in an aerated state. Occurs only in fine solids.
Inadequate emptying

Usually occurs in funnel flow where the

cone angle is insufficient to allow self
draining of the bulk solid.

Remaining bulk
solid
Time Consolidation - Caking

Many powders will tend to cake as a function of time, humidity,

pressure, temperature.

Particularly a problem for funnel flow which are infrequently

emptied completely.
What about angle of repose?

Pile of bulk
solids

Do not use angle of repose to design the angle on

a hopper
Characteristics to be considered before selection

Wall Friction Testing

Powder Shear Testing - measures both powder internal

friction and cohesion

Compressibility/Permeability
Testing Considerations

Must consider the following variables

time

Temperature

Humidity

process conditions
 n s?
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