Class-XI-C-5

Subhasish sau
Periodic table
Description of periodic table
Part-1

Subhasish-orbital
The modern periodic Table

Subhasish sau

Subhasish-orbital
 The modern Periodic Table
Elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, in order of increasing
atomic number from left to right and from top to bottom.
Rows are called periods and are numbered from 1 to 7.
Elements with similar chemical properties form vertical columns,
called groups, which are numbered from 1 to 18.
Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 are the main group elements.

Subhasish sau
Groups 3 through 12 are in the middle of the periodic table and are the
transition elements.
The two rows of 14 elements at the bottom of the periodic are the
lanthanides and actinides.

Subhasish-orbital
 Elements in the 1,2,13-17
groups are called the
1 18
representative elements
2 outer s or p filling 13 14 15 16 17

Subhasish sau

Subhasish-orbital
The group 3-12 are called the
transition elements

Subhasish sau
These are called the inner
transition elements, and they
belong here

Subhasish-orbital
Group 1 are the alkali metals (but NOT H)
Group 2 are the alkaline earth metals
H

Subhasish sau

Subhasish-orbital
 Group 18 are the noble gases
Group 17 is called the halogens

Subhasish sau

Subhasish-orbital
H 1s1
1 Do you notice any similarity in these
1s22s1 configurations of the alkali metals?
Li
3
Na 1s22s22p63s1
11
K 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
19 Subhasish sau
Rb 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
37
Cs 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10
55 5p66s1
Fr
87 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6
6s24f145d106p67s1
Subhasish-orbital
 1s2 He
Do you notice any similarity in the 2
configurations of the noble gases?
Ne
1s22s22p6 10

Ar
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 6
18
Subhasish sau Kr
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p6
2 2 6 2 6 2 10
36

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6 Xe
54
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10 Rn
5p66s24f145d106p6 86
Subhasish-orbital
1 Elements in the s - blocks
s
He
2
s
Alkali metals all end in s1
Alkaline earth metals all end in s2
Subhasish
really sau
should include He, but it fits
better in a different spot, since He has
the properties of the noble gases, and
has a full outer level of electrons.

Subhasish-orbital
 Transition Metals - d block
Note the change in configuration.

s1 s1
d1 d2 d3 d 5 d5 d6 d7 d8 d10 d10
Subhasish sau

Subhasish-orbital
The p-block p1 p2 p6
p3 p4 p5

Subhasish sau

Subhasish-orbital
 f - block
Called the inner transition elements

Subhasish sau
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
f f
6 7 8 9 10
f f f
11 12
f f f f
13 14

Subhasish-orbital
 The d orbitals fill up in levels 1 less than
the period number, so the first d is 3d
even though its in row 4.
1
2
3d
Subhasish sau
3
4
5
4d
6
5d
7
Subhasish-orbital
1
2
3
4
5
6
Subhasish sau
7 4f
5f
f orbitals start filling at 4f, and are
2 less than the period number
Subhasish-orbital
 Periods Vs. Groups
Periods
A period is a row of
elements in the periodic
table whose properties
change gradually and
predictably.
Subhasish sau
7 Horizontal Rows
The chemical and physical
properties of elements in a
row follow a repeating
pattern as you move across
the period.
Groups elements by the
number of energy levels.
Groups/Families
A group contains
elements that have
similar physical or
chemical properties.
18 Vertical Columns
Elements in the same
group often have similar
chemical and physical
properties.
Groups most elements by
valance electrons

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

DESCRIPTION OF PERIODIC TABLE

INTRODUCTION:
Subhasish sau
More than 115 elements are reported so
far, show a variety of chemical and physical properties. Each element
is different from other elements and again there are quite a few
similarities among some of them. It is too difficult to study the chemical
and physical properties of all elements individually, it would be more
convenient to arrange these elements according to their properties in
a tabular form which is popularly known as Periodic table.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

EARLIER DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE:

Some of the earlier attempts of classification of elements are described below:

(a) Dobereiners triads(1817-29)

According to Dobereiner, the atomic wt of the middle member
of each triad (elements in a group of three elements) is nearly close to the arithmetic mean

Subhasish sau
of the other two elements and the elements in triad had similar chemical and physical
properties.

Example of triad: Li Na K Mean of atomic mass of

Atomic mass 7 23 39 1 st and 3rd element = 7+39/2 = 23( atomic mass
of Na)

Additional information:
Another important attempt: A.E. de chancourtois telluric helix (1863)(first arrangement
of elements in the order of increasing atomic weights)

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(b).Newlands law of octaves:(1865)

According to Newland, when
elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic weights, the
chemical and physical properties of every eighth element are similar
to that of the first element.

For example:
Subhasish
Li Be B C N
sau
O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca

Additional information: Newlands law can be applied only upto

calcium, not for other heavier elements

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(c) Lother Meyers curve(1869):

Lother Mayer calculated the
atomic volume of all known elements using the relationship,

Subhasish sau
Atomic volume = Atomic mass/density

and he plotted atomic volume of these known elements against

their atomic mass which results a curve containing some
sharp peaks and broad minima.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

Key features of curve:

(a)Maxima of the curve are occupied by alkali metals

(b)Minima of the curve are occupied by C,Al,Ni,Rh,Os
(c) The left side of each peak occupied by electronegative elements and their nonmetallic
character increases on moving towards the peaks
(d) The right side of each peak occupied by electropositive elements.
Subhasish sau
(d)All the elements having similar properties occupy similar position in the curve.

On considering above observations Lother Meyer proposed that , the physical

properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses.

Additional information: In the curve we see the atomic volume decreases as we go

from Ce to La(lanthanides) instead of expected increase.This is due to
lanthanide contraction

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

MENDELEEVS PERIODIC LAW (1869) AND PERODIC TABLE:

On the basis of properties of the elements Mendeleev gave a law known as

Mendeleevs Periodic law.This law states that:

The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their
atomic weights.

Subhasish sau
On the basis of periodic law, Mendeleev arranged all the elements in the form of a table
according to increasing atomic weights.This table is known as Mendeleevs periodic table.

Additional information:
(i) Mendeleev placed 63 elements in his periodic table and he left 29 places vacant for
unknown elements.
(ii)Mendeleev named some undiscovered elements in his periodic table as Eka aluminium
and Eka silicon.the present name of those elements are Gallium and germanium.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

MODERN PERIODIC LAW AND MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:

Moseley discovered a relationship between X-ray

spectra and the atomic number of the elements .On the basis of this relationship
Moseley conclude that properties of elements are determined by their atomic number
instead of their atomic weights and this fact led to the development of modern periodic
law.The law states that:

Subhasish sau The chemical and physical properties of

elements are the periodic function of atomic numbers.The table based on atomic
number of the elements is called Modern periodic table.

Additional information : The relationship between frequency of emitted X-ray() and

atomic no(Z) is given by
=a(Z-b), where a and b are the constants ,that are same for all the elements

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

When elements are arranged in the increasing order of

atomic numbers, then there is some repetition of
properties after 2,8,8,18,18 and 32 elements.The
numbers 2,8,18 and 32 are also known as Magic
electronic numbers.
Subhasish sau
Significance of magic electronic number is that after
these numbers there is repetition of electronic
configuration of the outermost orbit and as a result there
is also repetition of properties after those numbers.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

Key features of Modern form periodic table:(Long Form)

(a)A horizontal row of a periodic table is called period.

(b)In a period as we go from left to right electrons are successively entering into
same valence shell(same principal quantum number)
(c)There are seven periods in the modern periodic table and each period starts with

Subhasish sau
a different principal quantum number.
(d)A vertical column in the periodic table is known as group.
(e)In a group the elements present having similar outermost electronic configuration
but as we move down the group outermost electrons are successively present in
next higher quantum shell.
(f)There are 18 groups in the modern periodic table.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(h)At present 118 elements are known( First man made element is technetium)

(i)The elements of second and third period are called as Typical elements because they summarise the
chemical and physical properties of their respective groups.

2nd period : Li Be B C N O F
3rd period: Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Subhasish sau
(j)The typical elements of third period are known as Bridge elements. For example Mg(it shows some
similarities with alkaline earth metals and with elements of Zn group)

(k)Elements (58-71) are known as lanthanides and the elements (90-103) are known as actinides

(l)Sixth and seventh periods includes inner transition elements

(m)elements coming after uranium is called transuranic elements.

(n)The elements with atomic number 104-116 and 118 are known as super heavy elements.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS BASED ON ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION :

Based on complete and incomplete energy levels, Bohr classified elements into three
types:

1. Inert gas-

Subhasish sau
(a)These elements have completely filled outermost subshlls( s and p)
Except He(1s2) all the other inert gases have ns2np6

(b) Inert gases have least chemical reactivity.

(c)These elements are also known as noble gases.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

2. Representative or normal elements:

(a)These elements have incompletely filled outermost shell..

Subhasish sau
(b)For these elements outermost eletronic configuration
varies from ns1 to ns2 np5

(c)These elements consists of some metals,some

nonmetals and metalloids.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

3. Transition Metals:

(a) These elements have general electronic configuration (n-1)d 1-9 ns0
or 1 or 2 either in ground state or in most stable oxidation state.

Subhasish sau
(b)These elements are present in 4th, 5th ,6th and 7th periods.

(c)There are four transition series, 1st, 2nd , 3rd and 4th .Every series
consists of nine elements each.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

4. Inner-transition elements:

(a)These elements have general electronic configuration (n-2) f 1-14(n-1)d0

or 1 ns2

Subhasish sau
(b)There are two series of inner transition elements , (i) The elements
Ce (58)- Lu(71) are known as lanthanides (ii) The elements Th (90)-
Lr(103) are called as actinides. Each series contains 14 elements

(c)The elements having atomic number greater than 92 are known as

transuranic elements.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE
DIVISION OF PERIODIC TABLE INTO s-,p-,d- AND f- BLOCKS:

Depending on the nature of sub shell to which last electron of an element enters the long
form of periodic table can be divided into four main blocks.These are s,p,d and f blocks.

1.s-block elements: key features:

(a)The general electronic configuration of the outermost shell of this block elements are ns 1 or ns2

Subhasish sau
(b)Elements having ns outermost electronic configuration are called alkali metals and they are
1

placed in gr 1(Li to Fr)

(c) Elements having ns2 outermost electronic configuration are called alkaline earth metal and
they are placed in gr 2(Be to Ra)

(d)Elements of this block are also known as Reactive metals.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(e)Gr 1 and gr 2 elements are easily converted into monovalent and

bivalent ions respectively by loosing valence electrons.

(f)s-block elements are soft metals having low melting and boiling point.
They have large size, strong reducing power, high electropositivity,
low ionization enthalpy and low electron affinity.

Subhasish sau
(g)Except Li and Be, the compounds of the elements of this block are
ionic in nature.

(h) Except Be and Mg, the elements of this block ( and their salts)
impart characteristic colour to the flame.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

2. p-block elements: key features:

(a) The elements in which last electron enters the p-subshell of their
outermost shell are called p-block elements.

(b)The general electronic configuration of p-block elements varies from

ns2np1 to ns2np6.
Subhasish sau
(c)The elements of gr 13( B to Al), gr 14 (C to Pb) , gr 15 (N to Bi), gr 16(O to
Po) and gr 18 (Ne to Rn) belong to this block

(d)p-block include both metals and nonmetals. As we move from left to right
across a period there is s regular change from metallic to nonmetallic
character.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(e)All the p-block elements show variable oxidation states from + n to (n-8) where n is the
number of electron present in the outermost shell( Except fluorine and inert gas)

Additional information: Oxygen can show 2,-1,-1/2(KO 2),-1/3(KO3) and +1/2(O2PtF6)

oxidation states.

(f)p-block elements have high ionization enthalpies which tend to increase as we move from
left to right across a period.

Subhasish sau
(g)A number elements of p-block (eg, C, Si,Ge,S,N) can show catenation property and
allotropy.

(h)Most of the p-block elements form acidic oxides.

(i)Generally p-block elements show covalency, the higher members can show
electrovalency(eg, O,N,S)

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(j)Most of the p-block elements are electronegative and

electronegativity increases from left to right across a period.

(k)Elements and salts of this block do not impart any

characteristic colour to flame.

Subhasish sau
Additional information:i The s-block and p- block together
are called representative or normal or main group
elements.
(ii) Al is the most abundant non-transition element

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE
3. d-block elements: key features:

(a)If outermost (nth ) and penultimate [(n-1) th] are incompletely filled and the electrons
successively enters (n-1)d subshell , then elements of this class are called as d-block
elements.

(b)d-block elements are lies between s and p-blocks. So they are called as transition elements.
Additional information: Zn,Cd,Hg should not be considered as transition elements
because they have fully filled d-subshell in the neutral atom or in their most stable
oxidation state.

Subhasish sau
(c) The general outer electronic configuration is (n-1)d ansb
where a = number of electrons in (n-1)d subshell and the value of a is 1-10(except 4 and 9)
b = number of electrons in ns subshell and the value of b is 2 ( except in gr 6 and 11 where b is
equal to 2)

(d)The elements of gr 3-12 belong to this block,

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE
(e)Transition elements contains three complete rows and one incomplete row.The three complete
rows are called first transition series(3d series), second transition series(4d series) and third
transition series(5d series).The incomplete series is known as fourth transition series(6d series)

(f)d-block elements show variable valency.(except Zn,Cd)

(g)Due to presence of unpaired electrons d-block elements generally show paramagnetic

behaviour.

(h)The compounds formed by the elements of d-block are generally coloured.

Subhasish sau
(i)d-block elements have high melting points,boiling points,densities,thermal stability and
hardness.They are ductile and malleable

(j)They have marked tendency to form alloys with other metals.

(k)Most of the d-block elements are good catalysts.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

(l)d-block elements can form both ionic and covalent

compounds.

(m)Due to presence of free or mobile electrons d-block

elements are good conductor of heat and electricity.

Subhasish sau
Additional information:
(i)The members of 5d series such as Pt ,Au, Hg are
inert under ordinary condition.So they are called as
noble metals.
(ii) Iron is the most abundant transition metal

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

4. f-block elements: key features

(a)The elements in which n, (n-1) and (n-2) are incompletely filled and last electron enters
into f-orbital of anti penultimate [ inner to the penultimate ie, (n-2)th shell] are known as
f-block elements.

(b)The general electronic configuration of this block is (n-2) f0-14(n-1)d0,1 or 2ns2

(c)The elements having incompletely filled 4f subshells ( 58Ce to 71Lu) are known as

Subhasish sau
lanthanides or lanthanoids(4f series)

(d)The elements having incompletely filled 5f subshells ( 90

Th to 103Lr) are known as
actinides or actinoids(5f series)

(e)f-block elements are also known as inner transition elements.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE
(f)The elements that appear after uranium in the long form periodic table are known as Transuranium
elements.(ie, atomic number greater than 92)

(g)f-block elements are generally paramagnetic in nature.

(h)These elements have general tendency to form coloured ions and complexes.

(i)Actinides are generally radioactive in nature.

(j)f- block elements show variable oxidation state but their most stable oxidation state is +3

Subhasish sau
(k)These elements have high melting and boiling points

(l)They are also called as rare earth elements.

Name of some groups: Group-1 : Alkali metals Group-2 : Alkaline earth metal , Group-11: Coinage
metal , Group 15 : Pnicogens , Group 16 : Chalcogens , Group-17 : halogens , Group-18 : Noble
gases or aerogens

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS HAVING

ATOMIC NUMBER GREATER THAN 100 (IN 1997)

IUPAC recommended a nomenclature to be followed for

elements having atomic number greater than 100 until
their names are officially recognized.The three digits in
Subhasish sau
atomic number of the elements are derived by following
roots and adding the ending ium to complete the name.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE
Digit Name Abbreviation Atomic number Name Symbol

0 Nil n 101 Unnilunium Unu

1 Un u 102 Unnilbium Unb

2 Bi b 103 Unniltrium Unt

3 Tri t 104 Unnilquadium Unq

4 Quad q 105 Unnilpentium Unp

5 Pent p 111 Unununum Uuu

7
Hex

Sept
Subhasish sau
h

s
113

115
Ununtrium

Ununpentium
Uut

Uup

8 Oct o 116 Ununhexium Uuh

9 Enn e 118 Ununoctium Uuo

In some cases names are shortened, eg, bi-ium shortened as bium, similar is the
case for tri-ium and ennnil which are shortened as trium and ennil.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE

PREDICTION OF BLOCK ,PERIOD AND GROUP OF AN ELEMENT FROM

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION:

Block: The block of the element can be predicted on the basis of the type of subshell
in which the last electron is accommodated.If the last electron enters into s-subshell
then the element belongs to s-block or if last electron enters into p-subshell then
the element belongs to p-block.

Subhasish sau
Period : It is the principal quantum no. of valence shell.

Group: i)For s block elements, group no is the number of valence electrons(ns)

ii) For p-block elements, group no. is equal to 10 + no. of valence electrons(ns
and np)
iii) For d-block elements group no. is equal to the total number of electrons
present in (n-1)d and ns subshells.

Subhasish-orbital
 PERIODIC TABLE
Example: Predict the block,group and period of the elements satisfying the electronic
configuration
(a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 (b)1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6

Ans: (a) Element accommodated last electron in 3d subshell, therefore it belongs to d-block.
Principal quantum number of valence shell is 4, so period is 4
Group = Number of electrons present in (n-1)d + number of electrons in ns subshell
= 6+2 = 8

(b) Element accommodated last electron in 3p subshell, therefore it belongs to p-block.

Subhasish sau
Principal quantum number of valence shell is 4, so period is 4
Group = 10 +Number of electrons present in ns subshell + number of electrons in np
subshell
= 10+ 2+6 = 18

Additional information:For f-block elements(lanthanides) the group should be written as 3

Subhasish-orbital