Section 3-1: Policy process in Crisis Management

Section 3-2: Inter-Agency Contingency Planning

CHAPTER 3
CRISIS
PREVENTION
MEASURES
Crisis prevention
is better than
cure

2
Objectives
To learn how does the government
measures to prevent or mitigate crisis.
To understand the process of policy
formulation, contingency and crisis
action planning
To prescribe measures to harmonious
Inter-Agency Planning that results to its
prevention and response

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Section 3-1: Policy Process in CM

What is policy?
Describes the intention of the government
and provides principles that govern action
towards certain ends.
In crisis management it becomes the
consideration from where the responses to
certain crisis or disasters are derived.

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Section 3-1: Policy Process in CM

The three branches of the government

and their role on policy creation:
Executive
Based on the Administrative Code of 1987,
the president can issue policies in the form of:
Executive Orders, Administrative Orders,
Proclamations, Memorandum Orders,
Memorandum Circulars, and as a commander
in chief of the AFP, General and Special
orders.

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Section 3-1: Policy Process in CM

Legislative
The congress is the highest policy-making
body whose deliberations are made into law.
While a policy only guides actions into desired
outcomes, a law can compel or prohibit
behaviors.
Judiciary
Is to declare whether a law or policy is in
accordance to the present constitution
(Philippine Constitution of 1987)

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Section 3-1: Policy Process in CM

Good to know facts about policy creation:

Other policies in the form of a law are
international treaties and juridical decisions
Heads of Agencies in the Executive branch
has the ability to issue its owns policy
according to its by laws, mission and vision
The Local government code also empowers
LGUs to formulate their own policy based on
the need of their locality. (E.g. City
Ordinances)

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process

Policy Policy Policy Policy

Analysis Formulation Implementation
Evaluation

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy Policy Analysis
Analysis
i. Recognition of threats that can arise
to Crisis situation
Policy ii. Study of the given threat (such as
Formulation its causes)
iii. Is the public aware of the threat
Policy iv. Identification of the stakeholders
Implementation ( Agencies involved and such) that
would participate such threat arise to
Policy
a crisis situation.
Evaluation

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy
Analysis
Policy Formulation
Policy This process is typically marked with
Formulation the discussion and debate of
government officials, interest groups,
and interested citizens to identify the
Policy
Implementation
potential obstacles, suggest
alternative solutions, setting of clear
goals and list the steps to achieved
Policy them.
Evaluation

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy Eight vital information must be present
Analysis
in a policy before it can be formulated:
1. A clear identification of the
Policy emerging threat or crisis
Formulation 2. A clear identification of the
national goal (end state)
Policy 3. Guidance of the president and/or
Implementation head of lead agency or C-OPR or
the chairperson, local CMC
Policy 4. The concept on how to address
Evaluation the threat

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy Eight vital information must be present in a
Analysis policy before it can be formulated (cont.) :
5. The agency or office primarily
responsible in addressing the
Policy
Formulation
potential threat or crisis; and the
command and control of other
agencies
Policy 6. A clear-cut task distribution
Implementation Identifying the lead and support roles
7. A monitoring and evaluation
mechanisms for activities
Policy
Evaluation 8. Identification of the source of fund or
support

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy
Analysis
Policy Implementation
CM policies are promulgated through
Policy
Formulation official written documents
This often comes with the
endorsement or signature of the
Policy
Implementation
president or other executive powers to
legitimize the policy and it must be in
forced
Policy A contingency plan is also included
Evaluation
upon approval of policies that centers
on CM.

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy
Analysis

Policy Office of National Security Adviser

Formulation
(ONSA) or the Lead Agency/C-OPR
undertakes strategic, operational, and
Policy tactical situation awareness to
Implementation emerging threats at the National Level.

Policy ONSA is the one that monitors lead

Evaluation
agencies in how they address an
emerging threat

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Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy
Analysis
The lead agency, formulates specific
guidelines for its units an offices to
Policy support the recommendations and
Formulation decisions made.

Policy LGUs similarly follow the same

Implementation guidelines with the higher authorities.

Policy Inter-Agency contingency planning is

Evaluation conducted among all concerned
agencies, offices and other stakeholders.

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16
Section 3-1.1: Policy
Process
Policy
Analysis

Policy
Policy Evaluation
Formulation Designates an office that shall monitor
and evaluate the implementation of
decisions and guidelines, and
Policy
Implementation
approved policies and contingency
plans.
Amendments to the policies are made
Policy on how effective a threat can be
Evaluation
addressed.

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Section 3-2: Inter-Agency
Contingency Plan (IACP)
Contingency Planning
Is a forward planning process; which
scenarios and objectives are agreed on with
the potential response in order to prevent or
better respond to crisis situation.
These are made before a crisis situation that
involves making assumptions and developing
scenarios that stimulates responses from
significant parties involved (such as agencies
/ offices), ensuring effective response.

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Three Essential components of
IACP
A. Situation Awareness
It constitutes SA products and processes in
place.
A concise description of the threat and its
operational environment
The roles and limitations of participating
agencies/departments

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Section 3-2.1: Essentials of IACP

IACP intends to address a specific

threat with a given situation or time.

Three essential components of IACP:

A. Situation Awareness
B. Strategy
C. Command and Control

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Three Essential components of
IACP
B. Strategy
Contains the ENDS, WAYS, and MEANS of
the plan.
ENDS Are the goals or strategic objectives
of the strategy.
WAYS Are the policies, programs and
principles and the corresponding commitment
of the appropriate resources to attain its
ENDS.
MEANS Are the instrument of national power
required to achieved the ENDS.

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Three Essential components of
IACP (Strategy: Cont...)
Once ENDS and WAYS are identified the
planners must examine the MEANS to be able
to achieve the desired END.
Strategy has been described as a two-actor
art form in which the strategist must consider
both his plan of action and the threat.
They must also placed into consideration the
instruments of national power: specifically
political, diplomatic, information, military and
economic, in developing the action plan.

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Three Essential components of
IACP
C. Command and Control
In CM that involves multiple agencies or
departments describes the exercise of
authority of the Crisis Manager over its
assigned individuals to accomplish the
IACPs objectives.
Agencies/Departments may also refer to
Contingency Planning for Emergency, A
manual for Local Government Units

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Sources for IACPs format:

Inter-Agency Contingency Planning Prescribe IACP format

Tool Box Annex G (pp. 127 - 133)
Annex H (pp. 134-138)
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3-2.2: Inter-Agency Contingency
Planning Process (IACPP)
Inter-agency coordination intends to ensure
that everyone involved must work towards
the common goal while using its capabilities
and resources accordingly.

Four general consideration for IACP:

a) Each Agency must determine the scope, nature,
and end state of their participation.
b) Each Agency shall ensure that respective roles,
capabilities and methods are understood.

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3-2.2: Inter-Agency Contingency
Planning Process (IACPP)
Four general consideration for IACP (cont):
c) Each Agency shall develop a shared
appreciation of mutual needs, develop the
fundamental rules to conduct operations,
undertake certain activities, and promote
confidence in their interdependence
d) Each Agency shall establish short-term
objectives in the context of the long-term
desired end-state in order to assure the value
of the operation beyond its immediate
conclusion.

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3-2.2: Inter-Agency Contingency
Planning Process (IACPP)

The purpose of the IACPP is to create a

system by which the agencies and other
stakeholders can effectively integrate
the operations of all Government
Agencies and Other Stakeholders
(GAOS) in addressing specific threat or
crisis.

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3-2.2: Inter-Agency Contingency
Planning Process (IACPP)
Day-to-day inter-agency process is
generally effective in producing
coordinated policy options and
decisions, it also requires additional
coordination mechanisms and planning
tools.
This ensures that the response to the
emerging crisis or threat is appropriate
or in accordance to the desired goal.

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3-2.2: Inter-Agency Contingency
Planning Process (IACPP)
IACPP is consistent with the Whole-of-
Nation Approach principle which
involves GAOS.
GAOS ensures that capability building,
and enhancement of different agencies
will form continuous preparations.
Constant simulation and desktop
exercises increase the alertness and
readiness of GAOS in crisis.

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Reference
Crisis Prevention Measures, National
Crisis Management Manual (pp. 46-50)

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