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Guidelines

for
Lab Report
Report Format
Font : Times New Roman
Font Size : 12
No. of pages : < 15 pages
Line spacing :1.5
Justify
Use provided lab report submission form
Please attach peer evaluation forms at the
back of the report
Objectives
State the objectives of the experiment

Summary/Abstract
Not more than 1 page(less than100 words)
Should be written after conclusion of the
experiment.
Should cover briefly:
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Result & discussion
Conclusion
Data/Result
Analyze & calculate data
Transfer data into table and graph
The data/result should be between 5-7pages

Discussion
Base on above point, discuss on your findings.
Relate to the theory and objective of the
experiment.
The discussion should be between 2-3 pages.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary of the results.
To relate in brief the findings / results with the theory
Recommendation (optional).
The conclusion should be in one paragraph in 1 page
only.

References
A list of lab manuals, books, reports, journal, world wide
web
Arrangement of author, year, title, publisher, chapter or
no. of pages(follow thesis format)

Appendix
Sample calculation
Raw data/data obtained from software
Reaction Turbine
Data obtained from HM 288 software
contains of :
Time
Speed n in min-1
Mech. power P in W
Torque M in N cm
Efficiency in %
Volumetric flow rate F1 in L / h
Pressure p1 in bar
Hydr. power Phyd in W
Electr. power Pel in W

Plot the turbine curves for 4 different speed


The Moment Curve (lower curve) drops,
as is typical of a Water Turbine, with
increasing speed.

Due to the increase in windage with


speed, the trace does not match
theoretical straight lines, but is curved.

At Zero Moment, the Turbine reaches its


no Load Speed of 8000 rpm.
Here, windage consumes the Moment
generated.

At standstill, the Turbine generates its


Maximum Moment of around 6 Ncm.

The Power Curve (middle curve) indicates a


maximum of 26 W at around 70% of the
maximum speed.

At this speed, the Turbine is operating at its


maximum efficiency (top curve) of around
41%.
Centrifugal Compressor
Data obtained from HM 288 software consists of:
Time
Volumetric flow rate Q in m3 h
Speed n of the compressor in 1 / min
Electrical power Pel in W
Efficiency in %
Differential pressure 1st stage dp1 in mbar
Differential pressure 2nd stage dp2 in mbar
Compressor Total Pressure dp1+dp2= dptot
in mbar
Inlet temperature Tin in C.
Outlet temperature Tout in C.
**The speed for these measurements was 10000 rpm.
The previous graph shows a typical graphic
output of the Compressor Characteristics
Curves.
The Lower Curve represents the Pressure
gain in the 1st Stage.
The Upper Curve shows the Total Pressure
gain of both stages.
It is interesting that for large flow rates, the
Pressure build-up only occurs on the 1st
Stage.
The Speed for these measurements was
10000 rpm and can be repeated up to 15000
rpm.
In this graph, the Overall Efficiency is plotted.
The Efficiency reaches a maximum of 30%.
In the previous graph, the Temperature
Increase can be plotted as a function of the
Flow Rate.

The largest Temperature increase occurs at


low Flow Rates.

Here, the Efficiency is poor and the low Mass


Flow Rate results in considerable heating.
Measurement of flow rate via measuring nozzle
at the inlet.

2 2100 p
V d 3600 m h
3 1

4
where:
diameter d = 0.044 m
average density of air = 1.21kg/m3 at
20C and 1013 mbar
pressure drop p at the nozzle in mbar.
Total Efficiency calculated from Hydraulic Power
Phyd and supplied Electrical Power Pel.
Phyd
100% in %
Pel

The Hydraulic Power can be calculated from the


Total Pressure Head and the Flow Rate
100 dp1 dp 2 V
Phyd in W
3600

with dp1 , dp2 in mbar and V in m3/h.


Performance of Steam Plant
Steam Mass Flow Rate

112 ml 112 10 3 L
112 min
mL
sec sec
60 60
112 10 6 m3 112 10 3
sec
kg
sec
60 60


112

1.87 10
3 kg

6 10 4
s
Quality Of Steam At The Boiler

Boiler pressure P1 = 160 kN m-2


= 160 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 261.325 kPa

Boiler temperature T1 =129.0 oC

Refer to Saturated Steam Tables and look at P =


261.325 kPa (interpolate if necessary)

hf = hsat liq = 542.03 kJ kg-1


hfg = hevap =2176.65 kJ kg-1
After throttling, see TCalorimeter (column-7): T = 100.7
o
C

Read from Saturated Steam Tables (interpolate if


necessary)
hg =hsat vap = 2677.085 kJ kg-1

Quality of steam (dryness fraction = x)

2677.085 542.03
x 0.98089
2176.65
Boiler Efficiency
ms h1 hw
boiler
Q1
Look boiler pressure: 261.325 kPa

Refer to Saturated Pressure Tables (interpolate if


necessary)

Read saturated liquid (hf) = 541.465 kJ kg-1


Read saturated vapor (hg) = 2718.348 kJ kg-1
2.033 10 3 kg
s
2718.348 541.465 10 3 kgJ
boiler
5800 Js
0.76304
Power Output Of The Engine

2R F1 F2 N
W1
60
W1 = 5.86431(10-3)( F1 F2 )N (Watt)

Rankine Efficiency

W1
Rankine
m s hw h1
Thermal Efficiency
W1
thermal
Q1 ms hw h3
Refer to Tcondensate = 38.1 oC

See Saturated Steam Tables at Tcondensate

hf = hsat liq = 159.1 kJ kg-1


m s hw h3 2.033 10 3 kg
s
541.465 159.110 3 kgJ
777.348 W
6.075
thermal 100% 0.92 %
5800 777.348
Refrigeration Cycle
Point 1: Point of intersection of the isobars for p1/4
with the isotherms for the temperature T1 at the
evaporator outlet

Point 2: Point of intersection of the isobars for p2/3


with the isotherms for the temperature T2 after the
ideally isentropic compression at the condenser inlet

Point 3: Lies on the point of intersection of isotherm


T3 with the steam content curve x=0

Point 4: From point 3, vertically downwards as far as


the point of intersection with the isotherm
(temperature T4 after adiabatic relaxation in the
expansion valve)
Coefficient of Performance(COP)
Lab report needs to be submitted 1 week
after the experiment

Failure: 5% mark deduction per day. After 3


days, will get zero mark

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