2px2 2py2 2pz2 sp3

2s2 -
2


+
e -

4.1.
0C
(1 atm) 100C
0C 0.9168g/cm3 (), 0.9998g/cm3 ()
3.98C 0.99997g/cm3
25C 0.99704g/cm3
25C 23.756 Torr
0.01oC 4.58 Torr
1.84 D
25C 0.07197 N/m
25C 75.2 J/K.mol
25C -286 kJ/ mol
0C 6.02 kJ/ mol
100C 40.7 kJ/ mol


(hydr)



+ + + +

_ _ _
_
_ _ _

+ + +
+ + +
_
_
_
_
_
_

+
+ + + _

+
_

H 2 O l H aq OH aq

H 2 O l H 2 O l H 3 O aq OH aq

25C, 1.8x10-7%

: :



ARRHENIUS

Arrhenius
.

HCl g H 2O H aq Cl aq
CH 3 COOH aq H aq CH 3 COO aq
H 3 PO 4 aq H aq H 2 PO 4 aq

H 2 PO 4 aq H aq HPO 4 aq
2

HPO 4
2
aq H aq PO 4 aq
3

Arrhenius

NaOH s H 2O Na aq OH aq

BRNSTED-LOWRY
Brnsted-Lowry

HCl H
+ Cl

HCl g H 2 O l H 3 O aq Cl aq

H 2SO 4 H + HSO 4
2
HSO 4 H + SO 4

HNO 3 H + NO 3
H 2O H + OH
NH 4 H + NH 3

Brnsted-Lowry

NH 3 aq H 2 O l NH 4 aq OH aq

OH + H H 2O
CN + H HCN
2
CO 3 + H HCO 3

HCO 3 + H H 2 CO 3

NH 3 + H NH 4
H 2O + H H 3O

BRNSTED-LOWRY
- 4.4. .
Brnsted-Lowry
-. T 1 HClO4 ClO4-
H SO HSO -
2 4 4

HI I-
1, 2 HBr Br-

100% HCl Cl -
HNO3
2 NO3-

3+ 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
CCl3COOH Cl3CCOO-
HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+ HSO4- SO42-

H3PO4 H2PO4-
HNO2 NO2-

HF F -
-
HCOOH HCOO-
Brnsted-Lowry CH3COOH CH3COO-
H2CO3 HCO3-
( 2 2S HS-
1) . NH4 +
NH3
HCN CN -
HS -
S 2-

2 OH-
NH3 NH2-
-
H2 H
-
CH4 CH3

LEWIS
Lewis

Lewis

F
.. H
.. F
.. H..
F:B :N:H F : B :N:H
.. .. .. ..
F H F H


( Lewis) ( Lewis)

.
,
- Lewis



H 2 O l H 2 O l H 3 O aq OH aq

,
.
555
.

( )
.
.
() (mol)
.
(m) (mol)
1000g .



.
,
:


.


.
LiBr 0.1 0.08
20 485 .



.

. , CuSO4 0.06,
20% (0.012) 0.6
5% (0.03).



, .

{i}= i = i . [i] {i}= i = i . [i] / [i]

{i} i i,

[i] i,

i i
.
4.6.
1
I
2 i
2
Ci z i

.

Debye-Hckel log i Az i2 I I<10-2.3

Extended Debye-Hckel I
log i Az i2 I<10-1.0
1 I
Gntleberg I
log i Az i2 I<10-1.0
1 I
Davies I
log i Az 2
i b
I I<0.5
1 I