Cont (Temperature-Resistance

Effects)
Written in general form for the relation of temp. and
resistance of the previous illustration.

where: R1 and R2 are the resistances at the respective

temperature t1 and t2. Also, T is the inferred absolute zero
temperature.
Material Inferred Absolute Zero (T) in
C
Aluminum -236
Copper, annealed -234.5
Copper, hard-drawn -242
Iron -180
Nickel -147
Silver -243
Steel, soft -218
 Cont (Temperature-Resistance
Effects)
Material Inferred Absolute Zero (T) in
C
Tin -218
Tungsten -202
Zinc -250
Illustrative Problems:
IP1 : A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 62 ohms at a room
temperature of 24C. What will be its resistance at 80C?
Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance
Temperature coefficient of resistance is defined as the ohmic
change per degree per ohm at some specified temperature. In
practice the specified temperature is most commonly 20C.

The general formula in getting the resistance is:

where: = temperature coefficient of resistance at a

temperature t1.

The table on the next slide are the lists of at 20 C for some of
the more commonly used electrical materials their magnitudes
indicate the extent to which the resistances may be expected
to change with the change in temperature.
Cont (Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance)
Temperature Resistance Coefficients at 20C
Material (20C)
Nickel 0.006
Iron, commercial 0.0055
Tungsten 0.0045
Copper, annealed 0.00393
Aluminum 0.0039
Lead 0.0039
Copper, hard drawn 0.00382
Silver 0.0038
Zinc 0.0037
Gold, pure 0.0034
Platinum 0.003
Cont (Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance)
Temperature Resistance Coefficients at 20C
Material (20C)
Brass 0.002
Nichrome 0.00044
German Silver 0.0004
Nichrome II 0.00016
Manganin 0.00003
Advance 0.000018
Constantan 0.000008
Illustrative Problems:
IP1: The tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp has a
resistance of 98 ohms at room temperature of 20C and a
resistance of 132 ohms at normal operating temperature.
Calculate the temperature of the heated elements.

IP2 : Calculate the temperature coefficient of resistance of

aluminum at 2C. Using the value thus obtained, determine
the resistance of the aluminum conductor at 62 C if its
resistance at 2C is 7.5 ohms.
Cont (Illustrative Problems)

IP5 : The resistance of a copper wire at 30 C is 50 . If the

temperature coefficient of copper at 0C is 0.00427. What is
the resistance at 100 C ?
Color Coded Resistors
This is how you will going to get the value of the resistor
color coded resistors.

From the left side band of the color coded resistor,

1st band = First digit
2nd band = Second digit
3rd band = Multiplier
4th band = Tolerance

The list of equivalent value of color codes, multiplier and

tolerance are:
Color Number(Band 1, Band Multiplier( Band Toleranc
2) 3) e(Band
4) +/- %

Black 0 10^0 -
Brown 1 10^1 1
Red 2 10^2 2
Orange 3 10^3 -
Yellow 4 10^4 -
Green 5 10^5 0.5
Blue 6 10^6 0.25
Violet 7 10^7 0.1
Gray 8 10^8 0.05
White 9 10^9 -
Gold - 10^-1 5
Silver - 10^-2 10
None - - 20
The Circuit Elements
Conductors - The voltage between the ends of an ideal
conductor is zero regardless of the current flowing
through the conductor.

) When two points in a circuit are connected together by an

ideal conductor, we say that the points are shorted
together.

) If no conductors or other circuit elements are connected

between two parts of a circuit, we say that it is an open
circuit exists between the two parts of the circuit.
Independent Voltage Source
The voltage across the source is independent of other
elements that are connected to and of the current flowing
through it.
Dependent Voltage Sources
This is similar to an independent source except that the
voltage across the source terminals is a function of other
voltages or currents in the circuit.

Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source - is a voltage source

having a voltage equal to a constant times the voltage
across a pair of terminals elsewhere in the network.
Cont(Dependent Voltage Source)
Current Controlled Voltage Source is a voltage source
having a voltage equal to a constant times the current
through the elements. The factor multiplying the current is
called the gain parameter.
Independent Current Source

The current through an independent current source is

independent of the elements connected to it and of the
voltage across it.
Dependent Current Sources
Is determined by a current or voltage elsewhere in the
circuit.

Voltage-Controlled Current Source the current is

determined by some voltage elsewhere in the circuit.
Cont(Dependent Current Source)
Current-Controlled Current Source - is determined by some
current elsewhere in the circuit.
Passive and Active Circuit
Elements
Electric circuit has many elements like resistor, capacitor,
inductor, battery etc. Circuit analysis is the process by
which voltage or current is measured across the element. In
a complete circuit there are two types of elements found
active elements and passive elements.

The active elements generate energy. Batteries,

generators, operational amplifiersetc are active elements.
The passive elements cannot generate energy, they drop
energy.Resistor,capacitor, inductor etc are passive
elements because they takes energy from circuit.
Ohms Law
The voltage v across an ideal resistor is proportional to the
current i through the resistor. The constant of
proportionality is the resistance R. The equation related to
this is:

Note that the references for v and i conform to the passive

reference configuration below:
Calculating Power for Circuits
v+ v - v+ v -
i i i i

- + - +
p = vi p = vi p = -vi p = -vi

To calculate the power:

1. Follow the convention shown above to write the proper equation.

When the current is flowing the direction of voltage drop, i. e, from +
to - p = vi
2. Substitute the value for the voltage and current in the power
equation. If p>0 absorbed or dissipated. If p<0 delivered or
generated.
19
Illustrative Problem
In the circuit below. Calculate the value of v and i and the
power dissipated in each resistor.

i
Unequal Resistors in Series

i
Unequal Resistors in Series
When a number of unequal resistors connected in series, to a
source voltage v, the following conditions prevail:
1) The current through all resistors are the same.
2) The total resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances.

3) The circuit current,

4) The voltage drop across the individual resistors are directly

proportional to the magnitudes of the respective resistances.

5) The total circuit power is:

Unequal Resistors in Parallel
i

i1 i2 i3
Unequal Resistors in Parallel
When a number of unequal resistors are connected in
parallel to a source v, the following conditions prevail:
1) The same voltage v is impressed across all resistors.
2) The individual resistor currents are inversely proportional
to their respective magnitudes.

3) The total current for the complete circuit is;

4) The total equivalent resistance of the circuit is: