Planets

The
SOLAR SYSTEM
What does
Ideal Gas Law
state?
What
applications
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Ideal Gas? Ideal Gas
Law?
The Major Planets
A planet (Greek "wanderer") is a

celestial body orbiting a star or
stellar remnant that is massive
enough to be rounded by its own
gravity, is not massive enough to
cause thermonuclear fusion, and
has cleared its neighboring region of
planetesimals.
Planets are generally divided into
two main types: large, low-density
gas giants (outer planets), and
smaller, rocky terrestrials (inner
planets).
Under IAU definitions, there are

eight planets in the Solar
System.
In order of increasing distance from
the Sun, they are the four
terrestrials, Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars, then the four gas
giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune.
Terrestrial Planets
The smaller planets of the inner

solar system are classed as the
inner planets.
They are also known s the

terrestrial planets owing to their
many similarities to the Earths
physical features.
Chief characteristics:
Close to the sun
Also called the rocky planets because
they are chiefly solid with a metallic core
enclosed by a shell of silicates
Relatively denser
Relatively longer rotation periods and
shorter revolution periods

Few satellites
Mercury
Mercury is the innermost and

smallest planet in the Solar System,
which was once called Hermes.
The Romans, named it after the

Roman messenger-god Mercury
(Greek Hermes).
Distance from the sun : 0.39 AU
(57.9 million km)
Diameter : 4,879 km
Revolution Period : 87.977 days
Rotation Period : 58.65 days
Satellites : 0
Venus
Venus (Greek Aphrodite) is the

goddess of love and beauty.
The planet is so named probably

because it is the brightest of the
planets known to the ancients.
It is the veiled planet due to its thick
atmosphere of carbon dioxide which
causes its extreme greenhouse effect,
much stronger than that of earth.
After the Moon, it is the brightest natural

object in the night sky, reaching an
apparent magnitude of 4.6, bright
enough to cast shadows, hence called the
morning star and evening star.
Distance from the sun : 0,72 AU
(108.2 million km)
Diameter : 12,104 km
Satellites : 0
Earth
The Earth is the densest and fifth-

largest of the eight planets in the
Solar System.
It is also the largest of the Solar

System's four terrestrial planets.
It is sometimes referred to as the
World, Blue Planet, Green Planet,
Living Planet or by its Latin name,
Terra.
The earths surface is 71 % liquid water.
It is personified as Gaia, the Roman

earth goddess.
Distance from the sun : 1 AU
(150 million km)
Rotation Period : 23.93 hours
Satellites : 1 (Moon)
Mars
The planet is named after the

Roman god of war, Mars.
It is often described as the "Red

Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent
on its surface gives it a reddish
appearance.
It is with a thin atmosphere
Mars has surface features

reminiscent both of the impact
craters of the Moon and the
volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and
polar ice caps of Earth.
Mars has Olympus Mons, the
highest known volcanic mountain
within the Solar System, and the
Valles Marineris, the largest canyon.
(227.9 million km)
Diameter : 6,778 km
Revolution Period : 687 days
Satellites : 2 (Phobos and Deimos)
Outer Planets
The larger planets of the outer solar
system are collectively called the
outer planets, obviously due to
their large sizes.
Because of their similarities with

Jupiter, they are often called the
Jovian planets.
Chief characteristics
Large size
Large balls of mostly gaseous materials
Contain more mass than the inner
planets but are less dense
Very thick atmospheres and probably
with liquid cores
Longer revolution periods and shorter
rotation periods
Numerous satellites
With rings of rocks, debris and ice
Jupiter
Jupiter is the largest planet within

the Solar System; a gas giant with a
mass slightly less than one-
thousandth of the Sun but is two and
a half times the mass of all the other
planets in our Solar System
combined
The Romans named the planet after
the Roman god of the heavens, Jupiter.
The best known feature of Jupiter is the

Great Red Spot, a persistent
anticyclonic storm located 22 south of
the equator that is larger than Earth,
known to have been in existence since
at least 1831 and possibly since 1665.
(778 million km)
Revolution Period : 11.86 years
Satellites : 63
Rings : 1 (very faint and not easily
viewed)
Saturn
Saturn is the second largest planet

in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
Saturn is named after the Roman

god of agriculture and harvest.
Its density is one-eighth the average
density of Earth, making it the least
dense planet in the solar system.
Saturn is famous for its thousands of

rings, consisting mostly of ice
particles with a smaller amount of
rocky debris and dust.
Sixty-two known moons orbit the
planet; fifty-three are officially
named.
This is not counting hundreds of

"moonlets" within the rings
(1,427 million km)
Satellites : 62
Rings : thought to be 1,000
grouped as G, F, A, B, and C rings
Uranus
Uranus is the third-largest and fourth

most massive planet in the Solar
System.
It is named after the ancient Greek

deity of the sky Uranus ,the father of
Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of
Zeus (Jupiter).
Sir William Herschel announced its
discovery on March 13, 1781,
expanding the known boundaries of
the Solar System for the first time in
modern history.
Uranus was also the first planet

discovered with a telescope.
Uranus is similar in composition to
Neptune, and both are of different
chemical composition than the
larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.
As such, astronomers sometimes

place them in a separate category,
the "ice giants".
Distance from the sun : 19 AU
(2,870 million km)
Satellites : 27
Rings : 11
Neptune
Neptune is the eighth and farthest

planet from the Sun in our Solar
System.
Named for the Roman god of the sea, it

is the fourth-largest planet by diameter
and the third-largest by mass.
Neptune is slightly more massive
than its near-twin Uranus, which is
15 Earth masses and not as dense
Traces of methane in the outermost

regions in part account for the
planet's blue appearance.
Neptune was predicted by
mathematical calculations and first
observed on Sept 23, 1846 by
Johann Galle, Urbain Le Verrier
and John Couch Adams.
(4,497 million km)
Rotation Period : 18 hours
Satellites : 13
Rings : 4
Minor Planets
A minor planet is an astronomical
object in direct orbit around the Sun
that is neither a dominant planet
nor a comet.
The first minor planet discovered

was Ceres located within the
asteroid belt, in 1801.
Since then, more than 200,000 minor
planets have been discovered, most
of them lying in the asteroid belt.
The term "minor planet" has been

used since the 19th century to
describe these objects while
planetoid has also been used,
especially for larger objects.
Historically, the terms asteroid,
minor planet, dwarf planet and
planetoid have been more or less
synonymous but the issue has been
complicated by the discovery of
numerous minor planets beyond the
orbits of Jupiter and Neptune and
the reclassification of Pluto , that are
not universally considered asteroids.
Asteroids
Asteroids (Greek star + like),
are a class of small Solar System
bodies in orbit around the Sun,
between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter in a region called the
asteroid belt.
Their sizes are much smaller than

the minor planet Ceres.
Like most other small Solar System
bodies the asteroids are thought to be
remnants of planetesimals, material
within the young Suns solar nebula
that have not grown large enough to
form planets.
The word planetesimal comes from

the mathematical concept infinitesimal
and literally means an ultimately
small fraction of a planet.
Trojan Asteroids. These asteroids
lie in two clouds, one moving 60
degrees ahead of Jupiter in its orbit
and the other, 60 degrees behind.
Apollo Asteroids. These are

asteroids that intersect the Earths
orbit.
Orbit
of
the
Trojans
Apollo Asteroids
Orbit
Amor Asteroids. These are the
asteroids that intersect Mars orbit.
Aten Asteroids. These asteroids

have orbits smaller than Earths orbit.
Atens, Apollos and Amors are classed

as Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs).
Amor Asteroids Orbit
Aten Asteroids
Orbit
Near Earth Objects
Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are

meteoroids, comets and asteroids
(NEAs) that have been nudged by
the gravitational attraction of nearby
planets into orbits that allow them to
enter the Earth's neighborhood.
All NEOs have a perihelion distance

< 1.3 AU.
It is now widely accepted that
collisions in the past have had a
significant role in shaping the
geological and biological history of
the earth.
NEOs have become of increased
interest since the 1980s because of
increased awareness of the
potential danger some of the
asteroids or comets pose to the
Earth
The probability of any of these
objects hitting the Earth on these
approaches is essentially zero.
There are no known NEO's on a

collision course with the Earth.
There is a possibility that an as yet
undiscovered large NEO may hit the
Earth, but the probability of this
happening over the next 100 years
is extremely small.
Trans-Neptunian Objects
A trans-Neptunian object
(TNO; transneptunian object)
is any minor planet in the Solar
System that orbits the Sun at a
greater distance on average than
Neptune.
The TNOs are grouped into three
divisions :
Kuiper belt
Scattered disk
Oort cloud
The first trans-Neptunian object to
be discovered was Pluto in 1930.
It took more than 60 years to

discover, in 1992, a second trans-
Neptunian object, (15760) 1992 QB 1,
with only the discovery of Pluto's
moon Charon before that in 1978.
Ceres
Ceres, is the smallest identified
dwarf planet in the Solar System
and the only one in the asteroid
belt.
It is named after Ceres, the Roman

goddess of growing plants, the
harvest, and motherly love.
It was discovered on 1 January
1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and for
half a century it was classified as
the eighth planet.
Ceres was initially declared to be a

new planet, then reclassified as an
asteroid.
Finally in August 2006, the
International Astronomical Union
declared Ceres to be a minor planet
or dwarf planet.
Ceres is by far the largest and most

massive body in the asteroid belt,
and contains almost a third (32%) of
the belt's total mass
Distance from the sun : 2.7663
AU
Diameter : 974 km
Rotation Period : 9 hours
Satellites : 0
Pluto et. al.
Pluto, is the second-largest known

dwarf planet in the Solar System
(after Eris) and the tenth-largest body
observed directly orbiting the Sun.
It is the largest body in the Kuiper

belt system.
Like other members of the Kuiper
belt, Pluto is composed primarily of
rock and ice and is relatively small:
approximately a fifth the mass of
the Earth's Moon and a third its
volume.
Since its discovery, Pluto had the
status as a major planet until its
reclassification in 2006 as a minor
planet of the Kuiper Belt by the
International Astronomical Union
( IAU ).
Pluto was discovered by Dr. Clyde

Tombaugh in 1930.
(5,900 million km)
Diameter : 2,360 km
Revolution Period : 247 years
Satellites : 3 (Charon, Nix and
Hydra)
Dr. Clyde
Tombaugh
Some TNO Minor Planets
Quaoar
Eris
Sedna
Huya
Varuna
Orcus
Ixion
Haumea
Makemake
Natural Satellites
A natural satellite or moon is a

celestial body that orbits a planet or
smaller body, which is called its
primary.
The two terms are used synonymously

for non-artificial satellites of planets,
dwarf planets, and minor planets.
As of July 2009, 336 bodies are
formally classified as moons.
They include 168 orbiting six of the

eight planets, 6 orbiting three of the
five dwarf planets, 104 asteroid
moons, and 58 satellites of Trans-
Neptunian objects, some of which will
likely turn out to be dwarf planets.
Outline of the Major Planets and Pluto
with their Satellites
Mercury - 0
Venus - 0
Earth - 1
Mars - 2
Jupiter - 63
Saturn - 62
Uranus 27
Neptune - 13
Pluto - 3
Earth's Moon (Luna). The Moon is one of
the larger natural satellites with a diameter
of 2,160 miles.
It is the only moon close enough to us that

details of its surface can be seen through a
telescope from Earth.
Largest. The largest moon is
Ganymede of Jupiter with a diameter
of 3,280 miles, even larger than either
of the planets Mercury and Pluto.
Saturn's moon Titan is the second

largest in the Solar System with a
diameter of 3,200 miles, half again as
large as Earth's Moon.
Ganyme
de
Tita
n
Smallest. The smallest moon is
Deimos, at Mars, only seven miles
in diameter, although its size now is
rivaled by the small shepherd
moons discovered by Cassini at
Saturn.
There are still others yet to be
counted and named in the rings
around Jupiter, Saturn and other giant
gas planets in the outer Solar System.
There may be tiny moons as small as

only around a mile across in the rings
of Saturn.
Deimos
Moons of
Saturn
The
Earth
and
its Moon
Comets
A comet is a small frozen

snowball that, when at perihelion
displays a visible coma (a thin,
fuzzy, temporary atmosphere) and a
tail (dust and gas tails).
These phenomena are both due to
the effects of solar radiation and the
solar wind upon the nucleus of the
comet.
Comet nuclei are themselves loose
collections of ice, dust, and small
rocky particles, ranging from a few
hundred meters to tens of
kilometers across.
Comets have been observed since

ancient times and have historically
been considered bad omens.
Comets have a wide range of orbital
periods, ranging from a few years to
hundreds of thousands of years.
Short-period comets originate in the
Kuiper Belt, or its associated
scattered disc, which lie beyond the
orbit of Neptune while longer-period
comets are thought to originate in
the Oort Cloud,
Comet Halley
Halley's Comet or Comet Halley

is the best-known of the short-
period comets, and is visible from
Earth every 75 to 76 years.
Halley's comet is named after
Edmond G. Halley who was the first
to suggest that comets were natural
phenomena of the solar system, in
orbit around the Sun.
During its 1986 apparition, Halley
became the first comet to be
observed in detail by spacecraft,
providing the first observational
data on the structure of a comet
nucleus and the mechanism of
coma and tail formation.
Meteoroids
A meteoroid is a sand- to boulder-sized
particle of debris in the Solar System.
The visible path of a meteoroid that

enters Earth's (or another body's)
atmosphere is called a meteor, (Greek
meteros, "high in the air). or
colloquially a shooting star or falling
star.
If a meteoroid reaches the ground
and survives impact, then it is called
a meteorite.
Many meteors appearing seconds or

minutes apart are called a meteor
shower.
Meteorite Classification
Serolites (stony meteors)
Siderites (chiefly iron carbonate)
Siderolites (stony irons)
Molten terrestrial material "splashed" from

a meteorite impact crater can cool and
solidify into an object known as a tektite
and are often mistaken for meteorites .
Most meteoroids are destroyed
when they enter the atmosphere.
The left-over debris is called

meteoric dust or meteor dust.
Meteor dust particles can persist in
the atmosphere for up to several
months, affecting climate, both by
scattering electromagnetic radiation
and by catalyzing chemical
reactions in the upper atmosphere.
Centaur Objects
Centaurs are an unstable orbital
class of minor planets that behave
with characteristics of both
asteroids and comets.
They are named after the

mythological race of beings half
man-half horse, the centaurs.
Centaurs have transient orbits that
cross or have crossed the orbits of
one or more of the giant planets,
and have dynamical lifetimes of a
few million years.
The first centaur-like object to be

discovered was 944 Hidalgo in 1920.
However, they were not recognized
as a distinct population until the
discovery of 2060 Chiron in 1977.
The largest known centaur is 10199

Chariklo, discovered in 1997, which
at 260km in diameter is as big as a
mid-sized main-belt asteroid.
Location of the
centaur Chiron
END

Planets

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The

A planet (Greek "wanderer") is a

Under IAU definitions, there are

The smaller planets of the inner

They are also known s the

Relatively longer rotation periods and

shorter revolution periods

Mercury is the innermost and

The Romans, named it after the

Venus (Greek Aphrodite) is the

The planet is so named probably

After the Moon, it is the brightest natural

The Earth is the densest and fifth-

It is also the largest of the Solar

The earths surface is 71 % liquid water.

It is personified as Gaia, the Roman

The planet is named after the

It is often described as the "Red

Mars has surface features

Because of their similarities with

Jupiter is the largest planet within

The best known feature of Jupiter is the

Saturn is the second largest planet

Saturn is named after the Roman

Saturn is famous for its thousands of

This is not counting hundreds of

Uranus is the third-largest and fourth

It is named after the ancient Greek

Uranus was also the first planet

As such, astronomers sometimes

Neptune is the eighth and farthest

Named for the Roman god of the sea, it

Traces of methane in the outermost

The first minor planet discovered

The term "minor planet" has been

Their sizes are much smaller than

The word planetesimal comes from

Apollo Asteroids. These are

Aten Asteroids. These asteroids

Atens, Apollos and Amors are classed

Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are

All NEOs have a perihelion distance

There are no known NEO's on a

It took more than 60 years to

It is named after Ceres, the Roman

Ceres was initially declared to be a

Ceres is by far the largest and most

Pluto, is the second-largest known

It is the largest body in the Kuiper

Pluto was discovered by Dr. Clyde

A natural satellite or moon is a

The two terms are used synonymously

They include 168 orbiting six of the

It is the only moon close enough to us that

Saturn's moon Titan is the second

There may be tiny moons as small as

A comet is a small frozen

Comets have been observed since

Halley's Comet or Comet Halley

The visible path of a meteoroid that

Many meteors appearing seconds or

Molten terrestrial material "splashed" from

The left-over debris is called