Todays Plan: 4/27/16

Bellwork: Mass Plants and collect data

(15 mins)
Symmetry and Tissue Layers Lab (45
mins)
Animals notes (the rest of class)
Todays Plan: 4/28/16
BW: Mass plants and collect data (15
mins)
Classification and Diversity test (the
rest of class)
Todays Plan: 4/29/16
Finish Transpiration lab then Work on
missing diversity activities and HW
(all of class)
Animal Development and Phylogeny
Animals:
Are multicellular
Are consumers
Are eukaryotic
Are motile at some point in their
development
Reproduce sexually (some are
parthenogenic)
Develop from embryos
Have a variety of evolutionary advances
Symmetry and Body Plans
2 main body plans: invertebrate and vertebrate
Of the 2, invertebrate has the most variation
Some are asymmetric
Those which have symmetry, exhibit 1 of2 types :
Radial-may have top and bottom (oral and aboral
sides), but can pass a plane through the body in any
direction and make 2 equal, identical parts
Bilateral-have dorsal and ventral as well as posterior
and anterior ends. May exhibit cephalization. Can
pass a plane through the body in only one place to
make 2 equal, identical parts
Figure 32-5
Asymmetry
Sponge

No plane of
symmetry

Radial symmetry
Jellyfish

Multiple
planes of
symmetry

Bilateral symmetry
Lizard

Single plane
of symmetry

Posterior Anterior
Why Symmetry?
In general, the most primitive
organisms are asymmetric, slightly
more advanced are radially
symmetric, and the most advanced
are bilaterally symmetric
Whats the significance of symmetry?
Indicator of health
Serves the organisms function
Sometimes redundancy of parts
Sometimes directed nervous
response
The Animal Family Tree
The most primitive animals are conglomerations of cells
with little specialization and no true tissues
Slightly more advanced animals have cells organized into
distinct tissues, but no organ systems or body cavity
Diploblastic organisms have only 2 tissue layers (cnidarians
and ctenophorans)
Triploblastic organisms have 3 tissue layers (bilaterally
symmetric organisms)
The next group has organ systems, but still no body
cavity (acoelomates)
Still more advanced organisms develop a body cavity
which is unlined (pseudocoelomates)
The most advanced organisms develop a body cavity
lined in mesoderm (coelomates)
In protostomes, coelom forms in mesoderm at the sides of
the archenteron (primordial digestive tube)
In deuterostomes, coelom forms in the archenteron wall
Figure 32-6
Acoelomates have no enclosed body cavity.
Skin
No coelom (from ectoderm)

Muscles, organs
(from mesoderm)

Gut
(from endoderm)

Pseudocoelomates have an enclosed body cavity partially

lined with mesoderm.

Pseudocoelom Skin
(from ectoderm)

Muscles, organs
(from mesoderm)

Gut
(from endoderm)

Coelomates have an enclosed body cavity completely lined

with mesoderm.
Coelom Skin
(from ectoderm)

Muscles, organs
(from mesoderm)

Gut
(from endoderm)
Family Tree Continued
The coelomates are further divided
into two groups:
Protostomes-proto=first,
stome=mouth, form from spiral
cleavage
Deuterostomes-deutero=second,
stome=mouth, form from radial
cleavage
Groups are based on the fate of the
Blastopore during gastrulation
Figure 32-10

s
te
lla

oa
ge

z
fla

bo
s
o

al

oe
an
i
ng

im

Am
o

An
Fu

Ch
Animalia

Bilateria

Protostoma Deuterostoma

)
Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

ars
o ll
s)
s

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ate

s)

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lies

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fla

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(ro atod
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ce
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asc bra
sea fish,

rs)
(ac elom
(co ph

en
gm a
(je aria

tar
(se inod

an
ge
(sp fera

(ro ifera

(fla yhel

(sn sc
ls)

(senelid
no

hro
an

ord
tife
no

rte
on

un
m
oa

id
lly

l
ri

h
t
Cte

l
t

Mo

Art
Pla

Ne
Cn

Ch
Ro
Po

Ac

An

Ec
(in
Ch

Segmentation Radial
Pseudocoelom
Acoelom Segmen- symmetry Segmen-
tation (in adults) tation
Pseudocoelom

Growth by molting

Protostome development Deuterostome

development
Coelom
Triploblasty (origin of mesoderm)
Phylogenetic tree based on similarities and Bilateral symmetry and cephalization
differences in the DNA sequences of Radial symmetry
several genes from various animal phyla. Diploblasty (ectoderm and endoderm)
The bars along the branches indicate when Epithelial tissue
certain morphological traits originated Multicellularity
Figure 32-1-Table 32-1a
Figure 32-1-Table 32-1b
Figure 22-11

DURING GASTRULATION, EMBRYONIC TISSUES FORM DISTINCT LAYERS. Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Cross section
Blastocoel Start of gut

Blastopore

Whole embryo

Blastopore

1. Different regions of the
frog blastula contain
cytoplasmic determinants
(signals or transcription
factors) that determine
their fate during gastrulation.
2. Gastrulation begins with the
formation of an openingthe
blastoporethat extends into
the embryo. Cells from the
surface move into the interior
through the blastopore.
3. The blastocoel shrinks
as the surface cells
continue to move inward,
forming the three
embryonic tissue layers.
4. The three embryonic
tissue layers are formed,
ready for organogenesis.
The blastopore (future
anus in frogs) surrounds
a plug of yolk cells.
Figure 22-12
Figure 32-8 PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES

Cleavage 2-cell
(zygote undergoes stage
rapid divisions,
eventually forming
a mass of cells)
4-cell
stage

8-cell Spiral Radial

stage cleavage cleavage

Gastrulation Longitudinal
(mass of cells section
formed by cleavage Mouth
Pore
is rearranged to becomes
form gut and mouth
embryonic tissue Pore
layers) becomes
Anus anus

Coelom formation
(body cavity lined
with mesoderm
develops) Gut Gut

Coelom
Mesoderm Mesoderm

Block of solid Mesoderm pockets

mesoderm splits pinch off of gut
to form coelom to form coelom
Cross section
Figure 22-8-1

Radial cleavage: Cells divide at right angles to each other.

Spiral cleavage: Cells divide at oblique angles to each other.

A word about Germ layers
Germ layers refers to the 3 layers of
tissues in most animals. The layers are
present at gastrulation during embryonic
development
Ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells. It
gives rise to the nervous system, skin, hair
and nails
Mesoderm is the middle layer of cells and is
the most versitile. It becomes the skeleton,
muscles, inner layer of skin, visceral lining,
fatty tissues, and circulatory system
Endoderm is the innermost layer of cells. It
gives rise to the gut and organs associated
with digestion and excretion
Why a coelom?
The most advanced group of
organisms have a coelom. Whats its
significance?
In order for a body cavity to be
considered a coelom, it must be lined
in mesoderm.
Mesoderm sections off parts of the body
This leads to segmentation, a great
evolutionary advance. Why?
Figure 32-7
Hydrostatic skeleton of a nematode

Body wall (in tension

creates pressure in fluid)
Gut Fluid-filled pseudocoelom
(under pressurecreates
tension in body wall)
Muscles (cause shape change)

Coordinated muscle contractions result in locomotion.

Muscles
relaxed
Muscles
contracted

Muscles
contracted
When the muscles
on one side contract, Muscles relaxed
the fluid-filled chamber
changes shape and
the animal bends.
About Animal Classification
As before, new molecular data continues to change
our views on how animals are grouped into phyla.
The bilaterally symmetric animals are particularly
messy to classify
Our understanding of Hox genes has changed our
views on animal embryology
There are some points of agreement with respect to
classification:
All animals share a common ancestor
Sponges are the base of the animals family tree
Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
(cnidaria and ctenophora, formerly coelenterata)
Most animal phyla belong to the Bilateria clade
Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade
Deuterostomia
Major Invertebrate Phyla
Sponges were formerly called Porifera and are
organisms that have the following characteristics:
Suspension feeding (capturing food from the water
as it travels through the body
Pores on the outer surface pull in water and send it
out through the spongocoel and its main opening,
the osculum
All are hermaphroditic
Have a few specialized cells but no tissues:
Choanocytes-collar cells that are flagellated for feeding
Amoebocytes-mobile cells that have pseudopods and
carry nutrients around the body
These are now split into 2 phyla:
Calcarea
Silicea
Figure 32-26

Pseudoceratina crassa
Eumetazoans
This is a clade, consisting of 2 major phyla of diploblastic
organisms:
Cnidaria (Includes: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, etc)
Radially symmetrical
Tissue layers (2 distinct-epidermis, gastrodermis)-mesoglea in
between (jelly)
2 forms-medusa (mouth down, free-swimming), and polyp (mouth
up, sessile)
Stinging nematocysts for defense and predation (inside the
cnidocytes)
1st organisms with a nervous system (primitive-nerve net, no
central control)
No matter which shape the organism takes, its internal cavity is the
gastrovascular cavity
Food enters the mouth and broken down. Nutrients from the food
are absorbed by the surrounding cells and wastes are expelled from
the mouth (2-way digestive tract)
Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
Look like jellyfish, but move via the 8 rows of cilia on their bodies
No cnidocytes/nematocysts, instead use colloblast (specialized
mucous cells) secretions to catch and hold onto prey
Actually have a nervous control structure called the Apical Organ
at one end of the body
Figure 32-27

Polyps attach to substrates. Medusae float near the water surface.

Aurelia aurita Aurelia aurita
Figure 32-18

Motile larval anemone Sessile adult anemone

Figure 32-3

Cnidarians and ctenophores are Cnidaria include hydra, jellyfish, corals, Ctenophora are the comb jellies.
diploblastic. and sea pens (shown).

Ectoderm
Endoderm

This dark
blue comb
jelly has just
swallowed
this white
comb jelly
Figure 32-4

Mouth

Tentacles Captured prey will be

transferred to mouth

Tubular body

Basal disk
Figure 32-24

MITOSIS
Reproductive
polyp

ME
Feeding Medusa

IO
Colonies can
polyps (2n)

SIS
get very large,

S
(2n) with hundreds

SI
of polyps

O
Egg

EI
M
(n)
Larva swims via N Sperm
cilia, then settles TIO
A (n)
L IZ
RTI
FE
MITOSIS Diploid
Zygote Haploid
(2n)
Figure 32-28

Pleurobrachia pileus

Rows of cilia

Sticky tentacles
Lophotrochozoans
Clade of organisms that have
either/or both a crown of ciliated
tentacles or a cilliated larvae called a
trocophore
This includes the flatworms
(Platyhelminthes), Rotifers, Molluscs,
and annelids
Figure 33-11

Lophotrochozoa

e s
n th
i
ra e lm da c a
h li s
it fe y e lu Ecdysozoa
o lat n n ol
R P A M
Figure 33-4

Lophophores function in suspension feeding in adults. Trochophore larvae swim and feed.

Food particles

Water
current Anus
Mouth Mouth
Cilia used in
locomotion
and feeding

Gut Anus
Acoelomates
Also called the flatworms b/c they have no
body cavity and a flattened body
First organisms with bilateral symmetry and
cephalization (anterior and posterior end)
Organisms with a two-way digestive tract or
none at all
No need for lungs or gills because of the flat
body plan (O2 exchange via diffusion)
Water-living or parasitic
Mostly vermiform (vermi=worm)
Figure 33-13

Turbellarians are free living. Cestodes are endoparasitic. Trematodes are endoparasitic.
Pseudoceros ferrugineus Taenia species Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Rotifers
Small, freshwater organisms with a ciliated
crown
Have an alimentary canal with 1-way
digestion
Some species can reproduce via
parthenogenesis and are all female, others
produce 2 types of eggs and are
parthenogenesis, while others have males
only for the purpose of reproduction
Figure 33-12
Rotaria rotatoria

Corona
Mollusca
Bilaterally symmetric
Muscular Foot (ventral)
Mantle (dorsal)-secretes shell, forms mantle cavity
Rasping organ called the Radula
Coelomates
Open circulatory system
Primitive kidneys
Gills or primitive lungs
Eyes for seeing
Several ganglia with a more complex nervous sys
Examples include snails, slugs, chitons, limpets,
bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops),
chambered nautilis, squid, octopus
Figure 33-7b

Mollusc body plan (internal view)

Gill

Mantle Visceral mass Muscular foot

(secretes shell) (internal organs
and external gill)
Figure 33-15
Scallops live on the surface of the substrate and
suspension feed. Lima scabra

Most clams burrow into soft subtrates and suspension feed.

Water out Water in Food
particles

Gill
Siphons

Gills are thin structures for

gas exchange. They also trap
food particles as water passes
Foot through them. Cilia move the
particles to the mouth
Figure 33-16
Snails have a single shell, which they use for protection.
Maxacteon flammea

Land slugs and sea slugs (nudibranchs) lack shells.

Chromodoris geminus
Bright colors warn
potential predators
of presence of
toxins
Figure 33-17

Tonicella lineata
Figure 33-18

Octopus dofleini
Figure 33-4

Lophophores function in suspension feeding in adults. Trochophore larvae swim and feed.

Food particles

Water
current Anus
Mouth Mouth
Cilia used in
locomotion
and feeding

Gut Anus
Annelids
1st organisms with segmentation (metamerism)
Closed circulatory system (blood pigments), but gas
exchange occurs via osmosis
1-way digestive tract
Double nerve cord, 2 ganglia, lateral nerves in each
segment (metamere), brain
Taste, tactile, light sensation
Vermiform
Bilaterally symmetric
Head (prostomium) and an anus-bearing terminal portion
New segments form behind head and are pushed back (like
tapeworms)
Circular and longitudnal muscles for complex movement
patterns-in each metamere
Hydrostatic skeleton in each segment
Septa cause internal segmentation, but are traversed by the
gut and nerves
Figure 33-14

Most polychaetes are marine. Most oligochaetes are terrestrial. Most leeched live in freshwater.
Alvinella pompejana Paranais litoralis Hirudo medicinalis

Chaetae
Ecdysozoans
Clade consisting of organisms that go
through ecdysis (molting) b/c they
have exoskeletons
Includes the Pseudocoelomates
(Nematodes) and Arthropods
Figure 33-19

Ecdysozoa
ra
o a
oda o p h
ad
a
p o d
at h g r ro
c i h
Lophotrochozoa em n y
ard r t
N O T A
Figure 33-5
Nematodes
Have round bodies (pseudocoel)
Organisms have sphincters to hold in
organs
Both free-living and parasitic
Ex: hook worm, Ascaris, pinworm, trichina
worm, dog heartworm
Often have complex life styles
w/intermediate hosts
Often have male and female forms with
dimorphism
Figure 33-21

Strongyloides species

Nematodes
Arthropods
Arthro=jointed, pod=foot, all have jointed
appendages
Exoskeleton made of chitin (a protein) and
sometimes calcium carbonate
Have metamorphosis
Bilateral symmetry, open circulation,
nervous system like that of annelids
Have gills, air tubes, or book gills
Have head, thorax, and abdomen
(sometimes head and thorax are fused into
a cephalothorax
Figure 33-7a

Arthropod body plan (external view)

Tagma
Head Thorax Abdomen

Exoskeleton Jointed limbs Segmented body

(covers body)
Figure 33-23

Spider, showing general chelicerate features Mites are ectoparasitic.

Dolomedes fimbriatus Dermatophagoides species

Posterior region

Anterior region
Chelicera
e
Figure 33-24

Deep-sea lobster Enoplometopus occidentalis Red barnacle Tetraclita species

Barnacles
Carapace secrete their
own shells

Fiddler crab Uca vocans

Compound
eyes on
stalks
Figure 33-23-Table 33-1-1
Figure 33-23-Table 33-1-2
Deuterostomia
This is a clade that includes all
deuterostome animals
The major phyla within this clade are
the Echinoderms and Chordates
Figure 34-1

Deuterostomes

da
a
at

at

li
rm

el
rd
Protostomes

de

a
rb
ho

at
tu
no

ic

rd
no
m
hi

o
es

Ch
He

Xe
Ec
a

th

ra
ph

in
a

ho

da
or

da
or

a
m

op
a

od

po
m

a
ph
ria

ra
el
a

ra

sc
lid
lo
er

ch
at
yh

ro
ig
if e
o
da

lu
ne
oe
rif

en

rd

th
ny
at

ol
t
i
Cn

Ro

An

Ne
Po

Ac

Ta

Ar
Ct

Pl

O
This phylum includes
Animals that are not vertebrates: sharks,
vertebrates are collectively bony fishes, amphibians,
known as invertebrates. Over reptiles (including birds),
95% of the known animal species Deuterostome and mammals
are invertebrates, including the development
echinoderms, hemichordates, Coelom
and xenoturbellids. Triploblasty
Bilateral symmetry
Echinoderms
Non-metameric adult with radial symmetry
Larvae are bilaterally symmetric
No head or brain, circular ring and radial nerves
Skeleton of embedded ossicles (calcium carbonate)
within the dermis
Pedicellariae for catching and moving food
Water vascular system with tube feet for locomotion
One-way digestive tract (sometimes with eversible
stomach)
Dermal branchae also help with vascularization
Usually separate sexes
Ex: sea stars, sea lillies, sea urchins
Figure 34-2

Adult echinoderms are Echinoderm larvae are

radially symmetric. bilaterally symmetric.
Figure 34-3

Echinoderms have a water vascular system. Podia project from the underside of the body.

Opening to exterior

Tube foot

Podia
Podia
Figure 34-21

Sea urchin Sand dollar

Echinus tylodes Dendraster excentricus

Teeth at center
of underside
Invertebrate Chordates
2 major Phyla: Cephalochordata and Urochordata
Widespread
Marine
Have a notochord at some point in their development
Pharyngeal Gill slits
Dorsal Nerve cord (tubular)
Postanal tail
Bilateral Symmetry
Segmented muscles in an unsegmented trunk
Ventral heart w/ closed circulation
Complete digestive system
Figure 34-5a

Urochordata (tunicates)
Water flow
Adult
Larva Pharyngeal gill slits

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Water
flow Notochord

Muscular,
Pharyngeal gill slits post-anal tail
Figure 34-5b

Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord
Adult

Muscular,
Water flow Pharyngeal gill slits post-anal tail
Figure 34-23

Sea squirt Salp

Ciona intestinalis Salpa fusiformis
Figure 34-24

Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Figure 34-7-1

ta

es
da
a

a
a
at

ii
de

hy
lid

or
at

yg
ta
m

ea

ht
l
rd

ch

to
da

er
be
r
de

t ia
ri c
d
ho

on

t
lo
or
ur

op
oi
no

is

oi
nd
ha
ic

ch

yz
in
t

tin

tin
no

pn
em
hi

ho
m
yx
ep
ro

Ac

Ac
Ec

Xe

Di
o
M
U

C
C
H

tr
Pe
Acorn Sharks Ray-finned
Echinoderms worms Xenoturbella Tunicates Lancelets Hagfish Lampreys rays, skates fishes Coelacanths Lungfish

Loss of
Radial symmetry, pharyngeal
water vascular system, gill slits
loss of pharyngeal gill
slits

Deuterostromes

ata a a
erm rdat ellid
o d ho rb ata
Protostomes ic otu rd
hi n
Ec Hem Xen Cho
Figure 34-7-2 Chordata

Vertebrata

Craniata

Sarcopterygii

Tetrapoda
Amniota

Amphibia Reptilia

ia
a
ia

a
ur
ni

i li
al
la

a
i

od
m

ud

os
de
a

am

es
c
ur

st

d
ro

ro
An

pi

Av
Te
M
U

C
Le
Frogs, Lizards, Alligators,
toads Salamanders Mammals Turtles snakes crocodiles Birds

Fur

Lactation

Amniotic egg
Limbs
Lungs

Bone
Vertebrae
Jaws

Muscular, post-anal tail

Notochord Four distinguishing
Dorsal hollow nerve cord characteristics of chordates
Pharyngeal gill slits
Vertebrate Chordates
Have all of the characteristics of invertebrate
chordates, but also have a vertebral column and spinal
cord
These are also called the craniates-have a head
Major Classes include:
Myxini-Hagfish
Pterromyzontida-Lampreys
Chondrichtheyes-Sharks, skates, and rays
Osteictheyes (Actinopterygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi)-Bony
fish
Amphibians-frogs, salamanders
Reptiles-lizards, snakes, crocodillians
Aves-Birds
Mammalia-duh!
Figure 34-25
Hagfish
Eptatretus stoutii

Mouth

Lampreys feeding on fish

Petromyzon marinus

Lampreys
Figure 34-26

Sharks are torpedo shaped. Skates and rays are flat.

Prionace glauca Taeniura melanospila
Asymmetrical tail
Dorsal fin

Pectoral fin Pectoral fin

Figure 34-27

Holocentrus rufus
Bony rods in fin
Figure 34-28

Latimeria chalumnae

Fleshy lobes
supported by bones
Figure 34-29

Frogs and other amphibians Caecilians are legless

lay their eggs in water. amphibians.
Bufo periglenes Ichthyophis kohtaoensis

Eggs
Figure 34-35

Testudo pardalis
Figure 34-37

Alligator mississippiensis
Figure 34-36

Morelia viridis
Figure 34-38

Diomedea melanophris
Figure 34-31

Platypus Echidna
Ornithorhynchus anatinus Tachyglossus aculeatus
Figure 34-32

Didelphis virginiana
Figure 34-33

Hylobates lar
Trends in Chordate Evolution
From plain chordate characteristics to
having a cranium
From cranium to jaw (made from gills of
fish)
Tetrapodal body plan (made from fins of
fish)
Amniotic (membranous) egg-waterproofing
Feathers (from scales of reptiles)
From oviparity (monotremes) to viviparity
(marsupials and eutherians)
Figure 34-10
EVOLUTION OF THE JAW
Jawless vertebrate

Gill
arches
Mouth

Intermediate form
(fossil acanthodian fish)

Gill
arches
Jaw

Fossil shark

Gill
arches
Jaw
Figure 34-12
EVOLUTION OF THE LIMB

Extinct lineage of
lobe-finned fish
(aquatic) Fin
382 mya

Early tetrapod
(semiterrestrial)
365 mya

Paleozoic tetrapod
(terrestrial)
350 mya

Limb
Figure 34-14

EVOLUTION OF THE FEATHER The feathers of

modern birds
Microraptor had look like this
feathers like this

1. Simple projection 2. Tufts 3. Central shaft with 4. Central shaft with pairs
pairs of branches of branches bearing finer
branches
Figure 34-16

Sh
ell

Yolk sac
contains nutrients

Albumen
provides water

Embryo
Allantois
contains
waste
Figure 34-17

Mothers uterus
Placenta

Allantois Yolk sac

Embryo

Amnion
Chorion