PROSES BERPIKIR

Rahmawati Wulansari
Selasa, 13 September 2011
Learning outcome
Mahasiswa mengetahui aspek-aspek yang
terlibat dlm proses berpikir
Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan proses
sensasi, persepsi dan memory
Sensation & Perception
 Basic Principles
Sensation adalah suatu proses yang terjadi
saat tubuh menerima informasi dari
lingkungan.
Perception adalah proses saat otak
mengorganisasi dan menginterpretasikan
informasi sensori.
Perception adalah proses yang aktif
Latar blg yg berbeda dpt menimbulkan persepsi
yg berbeda
PERSEPSI
Perception is an active process
Rangsang diolah diterima
disadari
dimengerti
Bantuan indera-indera
Multi sensory
Sifat : Subyektif
Semua olahan informasi dipengaruhi
oleh kondisi psikologis yang dipengaruhi
oleh pengalaman
Memory
Memory and Information
Processing
Memory is the process by which we observe, store,
and recall information
Memories may be visual, auditory, or tactile
Memory processes may involve multiple systems
Conscious
Automatic
 Memory and Information
Processing
Mental Representations: A mental model of a
stimulus or category of stimuli
Sensory representations
Image of a dog
Sound of a gun shot
Verbal representations
Concept of Freedom
Motoric representations
Memories of motor actions
Swinging a tennis racket
Memory and Information
Processing
 Memory and Information
Processing
Model assumes that memory consists of 3 stores:
Sensory registers
Iconic (visual)
Echoic (auditory)
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)
 Memory and Information
Processing: Long Term Memory
LTM refers to the representations of facts, images,
actions, and skills that may persist over a lifetime
cth action/skill ; belajar naik sepeda, setir mobil
LTM involves retrieval of information cth; baca
buku yg sama berulang, nonton film sama berulang.
LTM is theoretically limitless in capacity
kapasitas tiap org beda, tgt stimulus saat golden
age
 Working Memory
Visual memory store
Image/gambar (20-30 sec)

Verbal memory store

Tergantung minat, daya konsentrasi/fokus
20 kata per 3 menit
psikotes
::: Short Term
 Varieties of Long-Term Memory
Hubungan antara working memory process dan LTM
Working memory is easily accessed.
Penelitian Neurologi ttg kerusakan otak :
LTM impairment: person shows normal working memory, but cannot
transfer information to LTM, (gampang belajar, gampang lupa)
Working memory deficit: person has a memory span of 2 digits, but
normal LTM (belajar sedikit dg waktu lama tetapi selalu ingat)
Varieties of Long-Term Memory
 Encoding and Organization of
Long-Term Memory
Mnemonic devices add additional cues for retrieval to
enhance memory
Method of Loci
The contents of a physical location that you are familiar with is linked
to the items you want to recall ( cth, gudheg adalah jenis makanan yg
namanya lupa diingat)
Peg Method
Imagery is combined with a verbal rhyme
One is a bun , Paracetamo-Mall
SQ3R Method
Survey, question, read, recite and review
 Remembering, Forgetting
LUPA adalah proses
kegagalan recalling
Remembering, Forgetting
Memory is subject to errors and biases
Memory can be primed bs lupa 2-3 kata
Memory is altered by emotional factors
Study of recall of high school grades
Students misremembered their Ds but recalled their As
Remembering, Forgetting
Decay theory
Memory is like a fading neural trace that is weakened
with disuse
Interference theory: conflict between new and old
memories
Proactive: old memories interfere with recall of new
information
Retroactive: new memories interfere with recall of old
information
Motivated forgetting implies that forgetting can
avoid painful memories
Intelligence
Learning Outcome
Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan arti,
perhitungan dan faktor penentu intelegensi
Intelligence(s)
Multiple definitions of intelligence:
Expressed in different domains
The absent-minded professor
Intelligence is functional
Directed at solving problems
Intelligence is defined and shaped by culture
What intelligence tests measure
Weshler- WBIS
Intelegensi adalah kemampuan individu
utk berpikir cepat, bertindak efektif dan
mengambil keputusan yang tepat.
Mengacu pd alat tes yg dibuat oleh
Wechler
Perkembangan kecerdasan
Kemampuan
individu untuk
bereaksi secara
cepat dan tepat
terhadap suatu
masalah yang
dihadapkan
padanya

03/12/17 Psi Umum F G 23

 weschler binet kategori
128-140 140-169 Very
120-127 120-139 superior
111-119 110-139 Superior
chronolo 91-110 90-109 High
gical 80-90 80-89 average
Average
age 66-79 70-79
<= 65 < = 69 Low
average
Borderline
Mental
defective
(mentally
retarded)

03/12/17 Psi Umum F G 24

 Retardasi mental
IQ kategori treatmen MA
t
50-65 Debil / Educable 7-12
moron
20-49 Embisil Trainable 3-7

< 20 Idiocy Self <3

helping
03/12/17 Psi Umum F G 25
 Inteligence Testing: The
Intelligence Quotient

IQ = (MA/CA) x 100

MA = mental age
CA = chronological age
Intelligence Testing
Group Tests: Army Alpha and Beta

Wechsler Intelligence Scales

WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale
WISC-III, Wechsler Intelligence Scale
for Children
Intelligence Testing
Frequency Distribution
of IQ Scores

(Figure adapted from Anastasi & Urbina, 1997)

.
Approaches to Intelligence
Psychometric approach: statistical
techniques are used to define intellectual
skills and abilities
Information-processing: examine mental
processes
Multiple intelligences: notion that
intelligence is a function of multiple systems
Approaches to Intelligence:
Factor Analysis
Statistical approach in which test items are
examined using factor analysis
Looks for items that correlate together (are a common
factor)
How many factors?
Thurstone: one common factor g
Spearman: two factors:
g for general intelligence
s for specific intelligence
 Heredity and Intelligence
What are the factors that
influence IQ?
Environmental: factors
such as parental education,
mental status, nutrition
Risk factors are associated
with reduced IQ scores
Genetic: notion that
intelligence can be
inherited

(Figure adapted from Sameroff et al., 1993, p. 89)

.
Referensi
Psikologi UMUM
Developmental Psychology, Elizabeth
Hurlock, 2000