MATTER

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Science I Std Ninth 1

Matter in our surroundings

Everything in this universe is made up of

material which scientist call matter.
Air,stones,clouds,stars,plants,animals,birds,
food,pancha-tatva: air,earth,fire,sky and
water.
Living and non-living.
Classification of matter is based on their
physical and chemical properties.
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 Physical nature of matter
Matter is made up of particles.
Proof : when salt is dissolved in water,the particles of salt
get into the spaces between the particles of water.
Size of particles of any matter is extremely small.
Particles of matter have space between them.
Particles of matter are continuously moving. Called as
Brownian movement. Means they posses kinetic energy.
Particles of matter intermix on their own with each other :
called as diffusion.
Particles of matter attract each other. This force keeps the
particles together.

Science I Std Ninth 3

 States of matter
Different forms of matter are called states of
matter.
Solid,liquid and gaseous states.
In a solid state the molecules are closely packed
(intermolecular force is strong),in a liquid state
distance between the molecules is greater than that
in a solid state(intermolecular force is weaker) and
in a gaseous state distance between the molecules
is very large (intermolecular force of attraction is
very weak or negligible).
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 Can matter change its state.
On increasing the temperature of solids, the
kinetic energy of the particles increases.Due to
this, the particles start vibrating with greater
speed.The energy supplied by heat overcomes the
forces of attraction between the particles.The
particles start moving freely.At one stage solid
melts.
The temperature at which a solid melts to become
liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its
melting point.
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 Latent heat of fusion

When a solid melts its temperature remains

the same. This happens even though heat is
supplied continuously.

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 Latent heat of fusion
This heat gets used up in changing the state by
overcoming the forces of attraction between the
particles. This heat is absorbed by the solid
without showing any rise in the temperature.
The amount of heat energy that is required to
change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent
heat of fusion.

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 Sublimation

Some solids change directly from solid state

to gaseous state and vice versa. E.g. Alum
( NH4Cl), camphor,solid CO2(dry
ice),naphthalene.
A change of state directly from solid to gas
without changing into liquid state ( or vice
versa) is called sublimation.

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 Effect of change of pressure

Applying pressure and reducing

temperature can liquefy gases.
Pressure and temperature together
determine the state of the substance,
whether it will be solid, liquid or gas.

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 Evaporation

Particles of matter are always moving. At a

given temperature the particles have
different amount of kinetic energy. Hence
can break away from forces of attraction and
get converted into vapour.
Change of a liquid into vapours at any given
temperature below its boiling point is called
evaporation.
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 Factors affecting evaporation

An increase of surface area.

An increase of temperature.
A decrease in humidity.
An increase in wind speed.

Science I Std Ninth 11

 How evaporation causes cooling

The particles of liquid absorb

energy from the surroundings to
regain the energy lost during
evaporation. This absorption
makes the surroundings cold.

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 Remember

Matter is made up of particles.

Three states: Solid, Liquid and gas.
Force of attraction : Max in solid,
intermediate in liquid and minimum in gas.
Kinetic energy : Minimum in
solid,intermediate in liquid and max in gas.
Solid state to gaseous state : Sublimation.

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 Remember
Latent heat of evaporation is the heat energy
required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas at
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
The temperature at which a solid melts to become
liquid at atmospheric pressure is called its melting
point.
Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy
required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at its
melting point.
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 Remember

Boiling s a bulk phenomenon and

evaporation is surface phenomenon.
Rate of evaporation depends on
temperature, pressure, humidity and wind.
Evaporation causes cooling.

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 MATTER

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Science I Std Ninth 16