Tissues

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Science - I Std IX 1
 Introduction
Multi-cellular organisms show division of labour.
Cells specialising in one function are often
grouped or clustered together in the body and they
are at a definite place in the body.
This cluster of cells is called a tissue and is
arranged and designed to give the highest possible
efficiency of function.
A group of cells that are similar in structure and /
or work together to achieve a particular function
forming a tissue.

Science - I Std IX 2
Are Plants and Animals Made of
Same Types of Tissues ?
Pattern of plant and animal growth is different.
Some tissues of plant divide throughout their
life.These tissues are localised in certain
regions.Based on this dividing capacity, plant tissues
are classified as growing or meristematic tissue and
permanent tissue.
Cell growth in animals is more uniform and hence
there is no such demarcation of dividing and non-
dividing regions in animals.

Science - I Std IX 3
Are Plants and Animals Made of
Same Types of Tissues ?
Plants are fixed.Most of plant tissues are
supportive to provide structural strength.
Most of the tissues are dead since they can
provide support and need less maintenance.
Animals move. They consume more energy
as compared to plants.Most of their tissues
are living.

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Are Plants and Animals Made of
Same Types of Tissues ?
Structural organisation of organs and organ
systems is far more specialised and localised
in complex animals than even in very
complex plants.
The difference reflects the different modes
of life pursued by plants and animals,
particularly in their different feeding
methods.

Science - I Std IX 5
Plant Tissues : Meristematic Tissue
Growth of plants occurs only in certain
specific regions because dividing tissue
known as meristematic tissue is located only
at these points.
Depending on region they are classified as
apical, lateral and intercalary.
New cells are like meristem initially, but as
they grow and mature, their chrematistics
change and they become differentiated as
components of other tissues.
Science - I Std IX 6
 Plant Tissues : Meristematic Tissue
Apical meristem is present at the growing
tips of stems and roots and increases the
length of the stem and the root.
The girth of stem or root increases due to
lateral meristem ( cambium ).
Intercalary meristem is the meristem at the
base of leaves or internodes ( on either side
of the node) on twigs.
As cells of this tissue are active, they have
dense cytoplasm,thin cellular walls and
prominent nuclei. They lack vacuoles.
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Meristematic Tissue
Apical meristem

Intercalary meristem

Lateral meristem

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 Permanent Tissue
Cells formed by meristematic tissue take up
special role and lose the ability to divide.
This process of taking up a permanent
shape, size and function is called
differentiation.

Science - I Std IX 9
 Permanent Tissue
Trichome
Epidermis
Hypodermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Phloem
Cambium
Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Vascular bundle

Pith

Cuticle
Mucilaginous canal
Section of a Stem

Science - I Std IX 10
 Simple Permanent Tissue
A few layers of cells form basic packing tissue.This is
parenchyma, a type of permanent tissue.Consists of
relatively unspecialised cells with thin cell walls.They are
live cells. They are loosely packed, so that large intercellular
spaces are found in this tissue.This tissue provides support
to plants and also stores food. In some situations it
contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis and
then it is called chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants, large air
cavities are present in parenchyma to give buoyancy to the
plants to help them float.Such a parenchyma type is called
aerenchyma. Parenchyma of stems and roots also stores
nutrients and water.
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 Simple Permanent Tissue

The flexibility is due to collenchyma. It

allows easy bending in various parts like leaf,
stem without breaking.Also provides
mechanical support.This tissue is found in leaf
stalks below the epidermis.These cells are
living, elongated and irregularly thickened at
the corners. There is very little intercellular
space.
Science - I Std IX 12
 Simple Permanent Tissue

Another type of tissue is sclerenchyma.It makes the

plant hard and stiff. e.g. the husk of coconut.The
cells of this tissue are dead.They are long and
narrow as the cell walls are thickened due to lignin,
which acts as cement and hardens.Cell walls are so
thick that there is no intercellular space. Present in
stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of
leaves, and in the hard covering of seeds and nuts.It
provides strength to the plants parts.
Science - I Std IX 13
 Simple Permanent Tissue
Outermost layer is called epidermis. Usually made of
single layer of cells.In plants in dry habitats, epidermis may
be thicker, to protect against water loss. The entire surface
of the plant has this outer covering of epidermis, protecting
all parts of plant. These cells on the aerial parts of the plants
often secrete a waxy, water resistant layer on their outer
surface.This protects against water loss, mechanical injury
and invasion of parasitic fungi. Since it is a protective
tissue, it forms a continuous layer without intercellular
spaces. These cells are relatively flat.Often their outer and
side walls are thicker than inner walls.
Science - I Std IX 14
 Simple Permanent Tissue
Pores on the epidermis of the leaf are called stomata. Stomata are
enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells. Necessary for
exchanging gases with the atmosphere. Transpiration loss of water in
the form of water vapour also takes place through stomata.
Epidermal cells of roots commonly bear long hair like parts that greatly
increase the the total adsorptive surface area.
In some desert plants epidermis has thick waxy coating of cutin, a
waterproof substance.
As plant grows,outer protective tissue undergoes a change.A strip of
secondary meristem replaces epidermis of the stem, forming cork or
bark of a tree. Cells of cork are dead and compact.They contain
chemical called suberin in their walls, that makes them impervious
to gases and water.
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 Simple Permanent Tissue
Parenchyma Transverse Collenchyma Transverse Sclerenchyma Transverse

Parenchyma Longitudinal Collenchyma Longitudinal Sclerenchyma Longitudinal

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 Simple Permanent Tissue
a b

epidermal cells

stomata

guard cells

Guard cells and epidermal cells a) lateral view and 2) surface view

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 Complex Permanent Tissue
Complex tissues are made up of more than one types of
cells. These cells co-ordinate to perform a common
function. Xylem and phloem are examples. They both are
conducting tissues and constitute vascular bundle.
Vascular bundle is a distinctive feature of complex plants.
Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma
and xylem fibres. The cells have thick walls and many of
them are dead cells.Tracheids and vessels are tubular
structures, allowing them to transport water and minerals
vertically. The parenchyma stores food and helps in the
sideways conduction of water . Fibres are mainly
supportive in function.
Science - I Std IX 18
 Complex Permanent Tissue

Phloem is made up of four types of elements.Sieve

tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and the
phloem parenchyma.
Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
Phloem is unlike xylem in that, materials can move
in both directions in it. Phloem transports food from
leaves to other parts of the plant. Except for phloem
fibres, phloem cells are living cells.
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 Complex Permanent Tissue

Pit Pits

Xylem Vessel

Phloem Tracheid Xylem parenchyma

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 Complex Permanent Tissue

Sieve plate
Sieve tube

Phloem parenchyma

Companion cell.

Section of Phloem

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 Animal Tissues
When we breathe the movement of the chest
is due to chest muscles. We inhale oxygen.
This is absorbed in lungs and is transported
to all body cells through blood. Blood also
carries food to body cells and collects waste
from all parts of body to be carried to liver
and kidneys for disposal.
Examples of animal tissues : Epithelial
tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue,
nervous tissue etc.
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 Epithelial Tissue
The covering or protective tissues in animal
body are epithelial tissues. Covers most
organs and cavities in body and forms a
barrier to keep different body systems
separate.The skin, lining of mouth, lining of
blood vessels, lung alveoli are made up of
epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are tightly
packed and form continuous sheet. They
have small cementing material and almost no
intracellular spaces.
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 Epithelial Tissue

Permeability of the cells of various epithelia

play important role in regulating the
exchange of materials between the body and
the external environment and also between
the parts of the body. Regardless of the type,
all epithelium is is usually separated from the
underlying tissue by an extra cellular fibrous
basement membrane.

Science - I Std IX 24
 Epithelial Tissue
Simple squamous epithelium : Extremely thin and flat and form a
delicate lining.Arranged in may layers to prevent wear and tear.
Due to layers is also called as stratifies squamous epithelium. :
Lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli, oesophagus, lining of mouth.
Columnar ( ciliated ) epithelium : For absorption and secretion. :
Inner lining of intestines, respiratory tract. Cilia move mucous
forward and clean the tract.
Cuboidal epithelium : Lining of kidney tubules and ducts of
salivary glands. Provides mechanical support.
Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland cells,
which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface. Sometimes a
portion of epithelial tissue folds inward and a multicellular gland is
formed. This is glandular epithelium.
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 Connective Tissue
Blood is a type of connective tissue. Cells are loosely
spaced, and embedded in an intercellular matrix. Matrix
may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. Matrix of blood is
plasma in which RBCs and WBCs and platelets are
suspended. The plasma contains proteins, salts and
hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested
food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of
the body.
Bone : Forms the framework and supports the body.
Anchors muscles and supports the main organs. Matrix for
bone cells is composed of hard calcium and phosphorus
compounds.
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 Connective Tissue
Ligament : Elastic connective tissue with
considerable strength. This is to connect the bones.
Ligaments contain very little matrix.
Tendons : Connect bones to muscles and are
fibrous tissue with great strength but limited
flexibility.
Cartilage : Connective tissue with widely spaced
cells. Matrix is solid and is composed of proteins
and sugars. Smoothens bone surfaces at joints. Is
also present in nose, ear, trachea and larynx. 27
Science - I Std IX
 Connective Tissue
Areolar connective tissue : Between skin and
muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in
the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the
organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair
of tissue.
Fat storing adipose tissue : Found below the skin
and between internal organs. The cells of this
tissue are filled with fat globules. Storage of fats
also lets it act as an insulator.

Science - I Std IX 28
 Muscular Tissue
Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibres.
Responsible for movement in our body. Contain
contractile proteins which can contract and relax .
Voluntary muscles move with conscious
will.Mainly connected to bones. Microscopically
show alternate light and dark bands or striations
and hence are called as striated muscles. The cells
of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and
multinucleate.

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 Muscular Tissue
Movement of food in alimentary canal is
involuntary. We can not control this
willingly.Smooth muscles control these
movements.They are also found in iris of the eye, in
uterus, bronchi of lungs. The cells are long with
pointed ends. They are spindle shaped and
uninucleate. They are also called as unstriated
muscles.
Muscles of heart are called cardiac muscles. Heart
cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate.
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 Nervous Tissue
Our ability to respond to a stimulus is due to nervous
tissue. Nerve cells are highly specialised cells which
can transmit the stimulus very rapidly from one place
to other within the body. The brain, spinal cord and
nerves are all composed of nervous tissue. These cells
are called nerve cells or neurons. A neuron consists of
cell body with nucleus and cytoplasm from which
long tine hair like parts arise. Usually each neuron has
single long part called the axon and many short
branched parts called the dendrites. A nerve cell may
be up to a meter long. Nerve cells bound together
form a nerve.
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 Nervous Tissue
Nerve impulses allow us to move
our muscles when we want to. The
functional combination of nerve
and muscle tissue is fundamental
to most animals. Yhis combination
enables animals to move rapidly
in response to stimuli.

Science - I Std IX 32
 Nervous Tissue
Nucleus
Cell Body Dendrite
Axon

Nerve endings

Neuron, Unit of nervous tissue.

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Tissues

End Slide

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