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Radio Resource Management

BSSPAR S10.5
Module 05

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Module Objectives

At the end of this module, the participant will be able to:


Explain the traffic channel allocation process during call set up
and handover, and name the parameters used in this process
Discuss the frequency hopping techniques: baseband hopping, RF
hopping, and Freeform RF hopping
State the parameters associated with frequency hopping
Name the parameters associated with dynamic hotspot algorithm
List the parameters associated with the directed retry procedure
Explain the mechanisms used for queuing of call setup and
handovers and the purpose of associated parameters

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Traffic Channel Allocation (1/3)
The request includes the type and other requirements ( or
recommendations)
for the requested resource: tells what kind of resource it needs.
Incall set-up MS informs network of its capabilities in set-up
message
The channel rate
In case of TCH:
TCH/F
TCH/H
Dual Rate
Multi Rate
The speech codecs
Normal Full rate
Normal Half rate
Enhanced Full rate
Three types of RTSL can be configured in a TRX:
permanent FR
permanent HR
dual rate
BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA
Radio
Resource
Management
Traffic Channel Allocation (2/3)

When only a preferred TCH rate information comes with the request the
BSC determines the type of the TCH resource to be allocated based on the
following:

the A interface circuit that the MSC has allocated for the call
the given list of preferred speech codecs by MS
the speech codecs support of the BTS
the TCH configuration on the BTS
the resource situation in the BTS

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Traffic Channel Allocation (3/3)

efficiency of the search procedure


cellLoadForChannelSearch (BTS level)
BSC level using LoadRateForChannelSearch, if cellLoadForChannelSearch=0
below threshold rotation bt TRXs and TSLs in a TRX
above threshold speech and single slot data allocated in small gaps and at ends
of TRX in order to
keep larger TSL groups free for HSCSD multislot services
uniform use of the available resources
availability of different channel types.
arrangements for multislot and single slot connections (consecutive slots needed in HSCD)

The intra-cell HO is a special case ;

In non-Hopping case a channel from an other TRX is searched.


In RF Hopping case , a channel from an other hopping group (MA list) is searched.

Parameters Value
cellLoadForChannelSearch 0 ... 100%

LoadRateForChannelSearch 0 100%
BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA
Radio
Resource
Management
Idle Channel Interference
The BTS measures and reports on the uplink interference of the radio channels
which have
been idle during the whole measurement period.
Idle TCHs are classified into five interference classes
RR Management algorithm assigns a channel from the lowest possible interference
class
BO5 -47 rxLevUL = -75 dBm

BO4 -90
BO3 -95
BO2 -100
BO1 -105
BO0 -110
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Parameters Value
interference AveragingProcess 1 ... 32 SACCH

boundary 1-4 -110 ... -47 (dBm)

(boundary0/5 fixed)
BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA
Calculation of maximum
Radio
Resource acceptable
Management
Interference level (1/2)
1. Call set-up and intra-cell HO (when OptimumRxLevUL =
<not used>)

MAX_INTF_LEV =RXLEV_UL + (MsTxPwrMax - MS_TXPWR ) - CNThreshold

2. When OptimumRxLevUL = <used>

MAX_INTF_LEV = MAX{MIN[RXLEV_UL + (MsTxPwrMax -


MS_TXPWR ),OptimumRXLevUL],
RXLEV_UL-(MS_TXPWR-MsTxPwrMin)} - CNThreshold

Parameters Value
CNThreshold 0 63 dB (0 not active)
RxLevBalance
OptimumRXLevUL 0 20 dB
MsPwrOptLevel -109-47/N (TRX level)

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA -110-47/N (cell level)


Calculation of maximum
Radio
Resource acceptable
Management
Interference level (2/2)

1. Inter-cell Handover (when MsPwrOptLevel = < not used>)

MAX_INTF_LEV=RXLEV_DL - RxLevBalance - CNThreshold

2. Inter-cell handover (when MsPwrOptLevel = <used>)

MAX_INTF_LEV (UL) = MAX{ MIN[AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)-RxLevBalance ,


MsPwrOptLevel(n)],
(AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)-RxLevBalance) - (MsTxPwrMax(n) -
MsTxPwrMin(n)) } -
CNThreshold(n)

The parameter MsPwrOptLevel(n) indicates the optimum UL RF


signal level on a channel in the adjacent cell after a handover.

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio Traffic Channel
Selection
Resource
Management

Inter-cell HO example

BO5 -47
rxLevUL = -75 dBm

BO4 -90
BO3 -95
BO2 -100
BO1 -105
The BSC or MSC can have
BO0 -110 interference
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
level requirements respectively.

If there are no interference level


RXLEV_DL= -70dBm
RxLevBalance = 5 dB
requirements in the TCH request, all
C/N Ratio required = 20 dB levels are examined starting from
Interference Level = -70dBm - 5dB - 20dB = -95dBm the best level. However low
=> TSL from boundary 1 or 0 is preferred interference requirement is a
secondary requirement.

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Traffic Channel Selection
Network Doctor Example - Script 213

Indicates the number of idle


TSLs in each interference
band

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio TRX Prioritisation in TCH
Allocation
Resource
Management

The advantages of using the BCCH carrier for call


set up:
It would not increase interference in the network
BCCH channels are planned to be the least
interfered
The advantageone
of using the TCH TRX for call set
up:
The hopping gain
It is possible to set priority between the TCH TRXs and
BCCH TRX.

Parameters Value
TrxPriorityInTCHAllocation 0 2 where
0 = no preference

1 =BCCH preferred
2 =Away from BCCH

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
FACCH Call Set-Up (Optional)

When an idle SDCCH is not available for the request


BSC tries to allocate a TCH for signalling instead of an SDCCH.
After the signalling is finished the channel mode is modified as TCH
and the call continues on the same channel.

Parameters Value
pagingAnsOnFACCH Y/N
restablishOnFACCH Y/N
emerCallOnFACCH Y/N
ordinaryCallOnFACCH Y/N

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Preferred BCCH TRX
Management Fault Situation

Recovery system returns BCCH automatically to its original TRX after fault has been
eliminated
Supports the usage of TRXs with different output power in the same cell
Can be activated cell by cell
Before restoration Forced Handover is used to avoid cutting calls

TRX-1 Faulty, TRX-1 Repaired,


Original Configuration
After BCCH Recovery After BCCH Restoration
Preferred BCCH
BCCH, SDCCH/8, 6xTCHs 8xTCHs BCCH, SDCCH/8, 6xTCHs
TRX-1

TRX-2 8xTCHs BCCH, SDCCH/8, 6xTCHs 8xTCHs

Preferred BCCH mark can not be set to floating TRX


BSC can automatically return BCCH to original BCCH TRX, but BSC can not return original traffic
channel configuration, if BSC has changed it earlier
If user locks BCCH TRX, then the BSC does not perform BCCH recovery
If BSC reconfigures E-RACH to TRX having preferred BCCH mark, that TRX is last choice for
BCCH
E-RACH recovery is not possible in fault cancel if BSC has to move BCCH to preferred BCCH TRX

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Frequency Hopping
Principles

Call is transmitted through several


Frequency frequencies in order to
average the interference (interference diversity)
minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

F1

F2

F3

Time

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Baseband (BB) Hopping
Radio
Resource
Management

RTSL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX-1 B f1 B = BCCH timeslot. It does not hop.

TRX-2 f2 Time slots 1...7 of all TRXs


hop over (f1,f2,f3,f4).
TRX-3 f3

TRX-4 f4

Time slot 0 of TRX-2,-3,-4 hop over f2,f3,f4.

TRXs are fixed-frequency - the switching is done at baseband in BBFH

Number of frequencies = number of TRXs, highest hopping gain only in


large configurations

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Parameters

General Parameters
btsIsHopping BB (BaseBand Hopping)CA = Cell Allocation
MA = Mobile Allocation
RF (Radio Frequency Hopping)
N (No Hopping) MAIO = Mobile Allocation Inde
HSN = Hopping Sequence Number

Baseband Hopping
hoppingSequenceNumber1 (HSN1) (TS 0) 0 1 2 7 TS
0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
TRX 1 B f1

TRX 2 f2

TRX 3 f3
hoppingSequenceNumber2 (HSN2) (TSTRX 1 4... 7) f4
0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)

HSN1 HSN2

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Synthesised (RF) Hopping
Radio
Resource
Management

TRX-1 B B =BCCH timeslot. TRX does not hop.

Non-BCCH TRXs are hopping over


f1, f1, the MA-list (f1,f2,f3,...,fn) attached to the cell.
f2, . . . . f2,
f3, f3,
fn fn
TRX-2

TRXs (except BCCH) frequency hop

Each TRX can hop over many frequencies - improved hopping


gain

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Parameters

RF (Synthesized Hopping) (from Talk-Family BTS onward)


mobileAllocationList (MA) (E)GSM: 1..124 and 975..1023
GSM 1800: 512..885
GSM 1900: 512..810
Note! Max. 63 Frequencies
0 1 2 7 TS

TRX 1 B f1

mobileAllocationId 512 885 TRX 2

MAL(f3,f4..fn)
usedMobileAllocation 512 885
hoppingSequenceNumber1 (HSN1) TRX 3
0 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
TRX 4

HSN1

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Parameters
Management RF Hopping (Site based MAIO allocation)
MAIO
MAIO HSN
offset TRX-1 BCCH -
(sector 1) f1
TRX-2 TCH 0
BTS-1

0 3 TRX-3 TCH 1

TRX-4 TCH 2 f4
f5
TRX-5 BCCH - f6
f2 f7
TRX-6 TCH 3 f8
(sector 2)

f9
BTS-2

3 3 TRX-7 TCH 4 f10


f11
TRX-8 TCH 5 f12
TRX-9 BCCH -
f3
TRX-10 TCH 6
(sector 3)
BTS-3

6 3 TRX-11 TCH 7

TRX-12 TCH 8

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Mobile Allocation Index Offset
Radio
Resource
Management
Benefits of Flexible MAIO Management

One MA list per site

One MA list can contain a continuous band

No risk of co-channel nor adjacent channel being used simultaneously


within a site

Single MA/HSN possible -> only BCCH frequency planning

More/tighter reuse possible e.g. RF-FH (1/1) and thus more capacity can
be achieved

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Parameters
Flexible MAIO Management

Allows More Flexible RF Hopping


enables Frequency Sharing i.e. sharing an MA list between the sectors at
same site
longer MA lists possible
minimised interference

New MAIO Step Parameter (BSS7)


When used together with MAIO offset, no successive MAIOs will be
allocated for TCHs sharing the same MA list

Parameters Value
MaioStep 1..62
UnderlayMaioStep 1..62

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Parameters
Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO Step

MA = f1, f2, f3, f4,.... MA list can include


HSN same for all sectors adjacent frequencies

MAIO, same for all


Sector HSN MAIO Offset MAIO step TRX
RTSLs within the TRX
1 TRX-1 BCCH, not hopping
Band allocation:
1 N 0 2 TRX-2 0 BCCH Hopping Freq's
TRX-3 2
TRX-4 4
2 TRX-5 BCCH, not hopping
2 N 6 2 TRX-6 6
TRX-7 8
No co-channels or
adjacent channels
TRX-8 10
used
3 TRX-9 BCCH, not hopping
simultaneously if
3 N 12 2 TRX-10 12
number of
TRX-11 14
frequencies >
TRX-12 16
2*number of TRXs

Operator can set the lowest Operator can also set the
MAIOs for the cells MAIO step size

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Parameters
RF-FH with reuse '1/1'using fractional loading

MAIO Offset Hopping


Hoppingfrequencies
frequencies MAIO Offset + Step

Band allocation: Band allocation:

BCCH BCCH Hopping Freq's

MA list MA list

MA No
Noneed
needfor
forMA
MAlist
listplanning
MAlist
listand
andBCCH
BCCHneed
needplanning
planning planning
MA BCCH
BCCHfrequencies
frequenciesplanned
plannedas
asusual
MAlist
listpossibly
possiblyshorter
shorter->
->reduced
reducedgain
gain usual

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Frequency Plan Changing

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Directed Retry (DR)

DR used to avoid the loss of a call in call-setup if the accessed cell is congested
When no TCH is available in serving cell, TCH can be allocated in an adjacent cell (SDCCH
TCH HO)
Mobile Originated (MOC) and Mobile Terminated (MTC) Calls TCH
Target cell entry based on DR Method; SDCCH
Method 0 - RxLevAccessMin
Method 1 - drThreshold
Imperative Handover (only equation 1) congested
Candidates ranked based on radio properties.
Steps through candidates (if congested) until MaxTimeLimitDR expires

Queuing can take place in source cell, not in target cell.

Time DR not allowed : improves the reliability of


minTimeLimitDR the measurements of adjacent cells and gives
queuing process time
Assignment DR allowed
Request
maxTimeLimitDR

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Directed Retry parameters

Parameters Value

drInUse Yes / No

MinTimeLimitDR 0 14 sec.
drMethod 0: (Improvement not in use)
MaxTimeLimitDR 1 15 sec.
1: (Threshold evaluation
method)
drThreshold -47 -110 dBm

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Directed Retry

macro cell

DR congestion
DR

congestion
micro cells

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Intelligent Directed Retry
macro cell (GSM
cell)
Based on Directed Retry : Target Cell selection IDR micro cells
depends on congestion
(MCN cells)
Classmark of the MS or MS Priority MCN
Adjacent Cell Type subscriber
Subscribers Classified in GSM or MCN
Based on Classmark ( bitmap in BSC
associates classmarks to GSM / MCN ) No
NoTCH
TCHAvailable
Availableon
onAccessed
AccessedCell
Cell
Based on MS Priority ( bitmap in BSC GSM or MCN subscriber ?
GSM or MCN subscriber ?
associates MS Priorities to GSM / MCN )
MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell ?
Criterion defined in the BSC MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell ?
Yes => Directed Retry Only to
DR and IDR enabled / disabled independently on Yes => Directed Retry Only to
MCN
MCNCells
Cells
cell basis. No => Reject Call
No => Reject Call
GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ?
GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ?

Yes
Yes=>
=>Directed
DirectedRetry
Retry(any
(anyCell)
Cell)
No => Reject Call
No => Reject Call
Parameters Value
macro cell (GSM cell)
IdrUsed Yes/No DR
CellType GSM / MCN congestion
AdjCellType GSM / MCN micro cells
GSM (MCN cells)
subscriber

NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS
BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA
Radio
Resource
Management
Queuing of Radio Resources
Used to avoid rejecting call set-up or HO attempt by waiting for the
release of a suitable TCH

Queuing Environment
queuing is a BTS specific procedure (controlled by the BSC)
each BTS has a queue of its own
individual queue parameters and queue management for each BTS
call attempts and handovers in the same queue
the maximum queue length is relative to the number of traffic
channels
the maximum queuing time can be set individually for both queue
types
the queuing can be de-activated by setting queuing time or queue
Entering the queue:
length to zero
different
The prioritieswhen
queue is entered according
there to queue
is no type
traffic (call/HO)
channels and/or MS
available of
priority
requested kind and if
queuing is allowed in the BTS
queuing enabled in the assignment request from MSC
queue is not full (of higher or equal priority requests)

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Queuing of Radio Resources
Prioritisation:
The placement in the queue is determined by:
queue type (priority)
call set-up
handover attempt (non-urgent)
urgent handover attempt
MS Priority level in the PIE element of Assignment Request or
Handover Request
time of entering the queue
Allocation of TCH
When a TCH is released (in either channel release or TSL/TRX lock) the queue is
checked from top to bottom in order to find a queuer whose requirements
match with the released channel
If a suitable queued call is found the TCH is allocated to the queued call and
the queue is re-organised

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Queuing of Radio Resources

Leaving the Queue


A queuer is removed from the queue when
No suitable channel is released within queuing time limit => timer expires
Higher priority subscriber (queue type and/or MS priority) replaces a lower
priority queued entry when the queue is full
The queuing TRX/TSL is blocked (call release)
Queue size is reduced due to removing TRXs

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Queuing of Radio Resources
Queuing reserves SDCCH

SDCCH occupation for call setup 7 seconds.


If maximum queuing time for calls is 10 s
=> in case of queuing 50-60 % more load on SDCCH / call
attempt!!

(2 TRXs cell) with Combined BCCH / SDCCH


If maximum queue is 50 % of TRX x 8 = 8 queuing
positions
If there are 4 call attempts in queue, SDCCHs are
fully booked
no space for short messages or for location updates
on SDCCH

cell is fully overloaded!!

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource Queuing of Radio Resources
Management Queuing and Handover

Internal inter cell Handover


Ranked list is produced by the Handover algorithm and passed to RR
management
Maximum sixteen cells as alternative target cells
The best candidate with free traffic channel is selected
If all BTSs in the list are congested
queuing possibility is checked in the candidates according to ranking
External inter cell Handover
The BTS identified by the MSC in a HANDOVER_REQUEST message is used
as queuing target

Averaging and processing for HO continues during queuing


The timers for hoPeriodPBGT or hoPeriodUmbrella are stopped during
queuing

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource Queuing of Radio Resources
Management Queuing and Directed Retry (DR)

Directed retry and queuing are parallel procedures


When the queuing and DR processes are both active for a call;
If MaxTimelImitDR expires without any DR attempt, the queuing will
be terminated even if the queuing timer(s) have not elapsed
If a TCH is released in the serving cell during the period when DR is not
allowed/allowed, DR process is terminated

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource Queuing of Radio Resources
Management Queuing Parameters

Parameters Values

maxQueueLength 0 ... 100 %

timeLimitCall 0 ... 15 (s)


timeLimitHandover 0 ... 10 (s)

msPriorityUsedInQueuing Yes / No
queuePriorityUsed Yes / No

queuingPriorityCall 1 ... 14
queuingPriorityHandover 1 ... 14
queuingPriorityNonUrgentHO 1 14

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Dropped Call Control
Call re-establishment
Radio Link Timeout
In case of a Radio Link Failure
A counter is initialised at the value
(radioLinkTimeout) within 20 seconds.
of the radioLinkTimeout
Measurements averaged over 5
When SACCH is not correctly
seconds for
received
serving Cell BCCH
Counter decremented by 1
adjacent Cell BCCHs
Strongest is considered
When SACCH correctly received
BCCH data decoded (cell selection
Counter incremented by 2
param.)
If: C1 greater than 0, Cell not barred
When counter reaches 0 call is
Cell belong to selected PLMN,
released
Call re-establishment allowed
Call re-establishment attempted
Same behaviour UL and DL

Parameters Values
radioLinkTimeout 4 ... 64 SACCH

callReestablishmentAllowed Yes/No

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Radio Link Timeout

Indoor Outdoor
Elevator

Tunnel (short)
5. floor

MS
MS

1. floor

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
Call Re-establishment

Outdoor

radioLinkTimeout (default) = 20 (SACCH)

BTS B

Tunnel (long)
BTS A

MS

Unsuccessful Handover=> use Call Re-Establishment

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA


Radio
Resource
Management
The Decision Threshold Table

TRAFFIC TYPE
IDLE
TCHS 1 2 ...

1 10 5
2 20 10
3 30 20
. . .
. . . Xij
. . .

Q XQ1 XQ2

BSSPAR-Radio Resource Management/6-61059/2003/v 2.0 NOKIA

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