Pekerjaan : Pelajar
Status : Belum Menikah
Alamat : Kramat, Nganjuk
Suku Bangsa / Agama : Jawa / Islam
Keluhan Utama
Post Kecelakaan.
Tidak sadarkan diri
MANAJEMEN
PRIMARY SURVEY
6 Maret 2017
di Instalasi Gawat Darurat RS Bhayangkara Moestadjab Nganjuk
Airway
Breathing
Nafas spontan
Sp. O2 83%
Tindakan:
Pemberian Oksigen mask 100% 8-10lpm, target SpO2 >93%
Rencanakan Intubasi
Circulation
Dissability
Pem. Neurologis
GCS: E1 V1 M1
Pupil: refleks konsensuil: +/+ non Konsesnsuil +/+ isokhor D. 5mm
Motorik: tidak diperiksa
MANAJEMEN
SECONDARY SURVEY
6 Maret 2017
di Instalasi Gawat Darurat RS Bhayangkara Moestadjab Nganjuk
Kepala
Leher:
Jejas (-)
Thoraks:
Abdomen
Jejas -
BU + N
Genitalia:
Ekstremitas Bawah
Jejas (-)
Luka terbuka (-)
Perdarahan (-)
Ekstremitas Atas:
Kanan: Jejas (-) perdarahan (-) luka terbuka (-) deformitas (-)
Kiri: jejas + di wrist dan elbow joint, deformitas di wirts joint, nadi
teraba cukup. Simetris.
MANAJEMEN:
TINDAKAN
6 Maret 2017
di Instalasi Gawat Darurat RS Bhayangkara Moestadjab Nganjuk
KIE
Rontgen
Medikamentosa
Kompartemen
Skull
Intrakranial
Anatomi
Kepala
Sistem
Menings
Ventrikular
Otak
ANATOMI
Scalp
Skull
Otak
Sistem ventrikular
Kompartemen Intrakranial
INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
MONRO-KELLIE DOCTRINE
Derajat Keparahan
Fraktur Cranium
Dapat terjadi:
Pada kubah kranium atau basis
Dalam bentuk linear atau stelata; tertutup atau terbuka.
Fraktur basis kranii:
Klinis: periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), retroauricular
ecchymosis (Battles sign), kebocoran LCS ke hidung
(rhinorrhea) or ear (otorrhea), dan disfungsi nervus
kranialis ke VII, VIII (paralisis fasialis dan gangguan
pendengaran) segera atau beberapa saat setealh fraktur.
Membutuhkan CT Scan dengan bone window.
Fraktur yang melawati kanal karotid dapat merusak artei
karotis (dissection, pseudoaneurysm, or thrombosis) >>
dipertimbangkan dilakukan: cerebral arteriography (CT
angiography [CT-A] atau catheter-based).
KLASIFIKASI CEDERA KEPALA :
MORFOLOGI
CEDERA OTAK RINGAN
Definisi
Survey Sekunder
Harus dilakukan.
Harus diketahui:
mekanisme cedera, ada tidaknya kehilangan kesdaran, termasuk
lamanya pasien menjadi tidak responsive, adakah kejang, dan
tingkat kesadaran setelahnya.
Menentukan durasi amnesia baik sebelum dan setelah kejadian.
Pemeriksaan kesadaran (GCS) secara serial dan
didokumentasikan.
Dilakukan pemeriksaan CT Scan.
CEDERA OTAK RINGAN:
INDIKASI CT SCAN PADA CEDERA OTAK RINGAN
Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head
injury. Lancet 2001;357;1294.
MANAJEMEN:
CEDERA OTAK RINGAN
Valadka AB, Narayan RK: Emergency room management of the head-injured patient. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger
JE, Povlishock JT, (eds). Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.)
CEDERA OTAK SEDANG
Definisi
Survey Sekunder
Valadka AB, Narayan RK: Emergency room management of the head-injured patient. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger
JE, Povlishock JT, (eds). Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.)
CEDERA OTAK BERAT
Definisi
Transient respiratory arrest dan hypoxia sering terjadi pada pasien dengan
cedera ota berat dan mengakibatkan cedera sekunder.
Intubasi endotrakeal, harus dilakukan pada pasien dengan status kesadaran
koma.
Pasien harus diberikan ventilasi O2 100%, sampai kadar gas darah diketahui,
yang kemudian pemberian oksigen disesuaikan.
Pulse oximetry merupakan tambahan yang berguna, dimana kadar oksigen
yang dihapakan adalah > 93%.
Metode hiperventilasi haruslah digunakan secara cermat pada pasien dnegan
COB dan hanya bila terjadi kemunduran neurologis yang akut.
Circulation
Hipotensi terjadi bukan sebagai akibat dari cedera kepala, kecuali pada tahap
terminal dimana medulla gagal mempertahankan dan terdapat cedera
lainnyacedera medulla spinalis.
Perdarahan intrakrabila tidak menyebabkan syok hemoragik!
Euvolumia harus segera dicapai bila pasien mengalami keadaan hipotensi,
menggunakan produk darah, whole blood, atau cairan isotonis.
Pemeriksaan neurologi pada keadaan hipotensi tidak reliable.
CEDERA OTAK BERAT:
PRIMARY SURVEY
Pemeriksaan Neurologis
Pemeriksaan serial:
GCS
Lateralisasi
Dan respon pupil
Tanda dari herniasi uncus:
Dilatasi pupil,
Dan hilangnya respon pupil terhadap cahaya.
MANAJEMEN:
CEDERA OTAK BERAT
Valadka AB, Narayan RK: Emergency room management of the head-injured patient. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger
JE, Povlishock JT, (eds). Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.)
CEDERA OTAK:
TERAPI MEDIKAMENTOSA
Cairan IV
Antikonvulsan Hiperventilasi
Medika
Mentosa
Barbiturat Mannitol
Hypertonic
Saline
CEDERA OTAK:
TERAPI MEDIKAMENTOSA
Cairan IV
Hiperventilasi
BRAIN DEATH CRITERIA
Klinis
GCS = 3
Nonreactive pupils
Absent brainstem reflexes (e.g., oculocephalic,
corneal, and Dolls eyes, and no gag reflex)
No spontaneous ventilatory effort on formal apnea
testing
Penunjang
British practice. Emerg Med J 2004;21(4):426-428. 6. Brain Trauma Foundation. Early Indicators
of Prognosis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. http://www2.
braintrauma.org/guidelines/downloads/btf_prognosis_ guidelines.pdf?
BrainTrauma_Session=1157580cb4d126 eb381748a50424bb99. Accessed May 4, 2012. 7. Brain
Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
http://www2. braintrauma.org/guidelines/downloads/JON_24_Supp1. pdf?
BrainTrauma_Session=1157580cb4d126eb381748a 50424bb99. Accessed Accessed May 4, 2012.
8. Chestnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in
determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 1993;34:216-222. 9. Chibbaro S, Tacconi
L. Orbito-cranial injuries caused by penetrating non-missile foreign bodies. Experience with
eighteen patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006;148(9), 937-941; discussion 941-942.
10. Clement CM, Stiell IG, Schull MJ, et al. Clinical features of head injury patients presenting
11. Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CR, et al. Highdose barbiturates control elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1988;69:15-23.
12. Eelco F.M. Wijdicks, Panayiotis N. Varelas, Gary S. Gronseth and David M. Greer. Evidence-based guideline update: Determining brain death in adults. Report of the Quality Standards
14. Gonul E, Erdogan E, Tasar M, et al. Penetrating orbitocranial gunshot injuries. Surg Neurol 2005;63(1):24-30; discussion 31.
16. Johnson U, Nilsson P, Ronne-Engstrom E, et al. Favorable outcome in traumatic brain injury patients with impaired cerebral pressure autoregulation when treated at low cerebral perfusion
pressure levels. Neurosurgery 2011;68:714-722.
17. Marion DW, Spiegel TP. Changes in the management of severe traumatic brain injury: 1991-1997. Crit Care Med 2000;28:16-18.
18. McCrory, P, Johnston, K, Meeuwisse, W, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:196-204.
19. Mower WR, et al. Developing a Decision Instrument to Guide Computed Tomographic Imaging of Blunt Head Injury Patients. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16374287. J Trauma
2005;59:954-9.
20. Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1991;75:731-739.
21. Part 1: Guidelines for the management of penetrating brain injury. Introduction and methodology. J Trauma 2001;51(2 Suppl):S3-S6.
22. Part 2: Prognosis in penetrating brain injury. J Trauma 2001;51(2 Suppl):S44-S86. http://journals.lww.com/ jtrauma/toc/2001/08001
23. Robertson CS, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, et al. Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury. Crit Care Med 1999;27:2086-2095. 24. Rosengart AJ, Huo D, Tolentino J,
Novakovic RL, Frank JI, Goldenberg FD, Macdonald RL. Outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with antiepileptic drugs. J Neurosurg 2007;107:253-260.
25. Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH. Cerebral perfusion pressure management protocols and clinical results. J Neurosurg 1995;83:949-962.
26. Sakellaridis N, Pavlou E, Karatzas S, Chroni D, Vlachos K, Chatzopoulos K, Dimopoulou E, Kelesis C, Karaouli V. Comparison of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe brain
29. Stiell IG, Lesiuk H, Wells GA, et al. Canadian CT head rule study for patients with minor head injury: methodology for phase II (validation and economic analysis). Ann Emerg Med
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