AC Power Analysis

Chapter Objectives:
Know the difference between instantaneous power and average
power
Learn the AC version of maximum power transfer theorem
Learn about the concepts of effective or rms value
Learn about the complex power, apparent power and power factor
Understand the principle of conservation of AC power
Learn about power factor correction

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 Instantenous AC Power
Instantenous Power p(t) is the power at any instant of time.
v(t ) Vm cos(t v ) i (t ) I m cos(t i )
1 1
p (t ) v(t )i (t ) Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2

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 Instantenous AC Power
Instantenous Power p(t) is the power at any instant of time.
p(t ) v(t )i (t )
Assume a sinusoidal voltage with phase v , v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
Assume a sinusoidal current with phase i , i(t ) I m cos(t i )
1 1
p(t ) v(t )i (t ) Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2
p(t ) CONSTANT POWER+SINUSOIDAL POWER (frequency 2 )

1 1
p (t ) v(t )i (t ) Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2

The instantaneous power is composed of two parts.

A constant part.
The part which is a function of time. Eeng 224 3
 Instantenous and Average Power
The instantaneous power p(t) is composed of a constant part (DC) and a time
dependent part having frequency 2.
p (t ) v(t )i (t )
v(t ) Vm cos(t v ) i (t ) I m cos(t i )
1 1
p (t ) Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2

Instantenous Power p(t)

Average Power
P 12 Vm I m cos(v i )

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 Instantenous and Average Power
p(t ) 12 Vm I m cos( v i ) 12 Vm I m cos(2 t v i ) p1 (t ) p2 (t )

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 Average Power
The average power P is the average of the instantaneous power over one period .

p(t ) v(t )i (t ) Instantaneous Power

1 T
P p (t )dt Average Power
T 0
v(t ) Vm cos(t v ) i (t ) I m cos(t i )
1 T 1 T 1 T
P
T
0
p(t )dt
T 1
0 2
Vm I m cos( v i )dt
T 1
0 2
Vm I m cos(2 t v i )dt
1 T 1 T
P Vm I m cos( v i ) dt 2 Vm I m cos(2t v i )dt
1
2
1
T 0 T 0
= 12 Vm I m cos( v i ) 0 (Integral of a Sinusoidal=0)

P 12 Vm I m cos( v i )
1
P Re VI
1
2

Vm I m cos( v i )
2 Eeng 224 6
 Average Power
The average power P, is the average of the instantaneous power over one period .

P 12 Vm I m cos( v i )
1
P Re VI
1
2

Vm I m cos( v i )
2
A resistor has (v-i)=0 so the average power becomes:
2
PR Vm I m I m R I R
1
2
1
2
2 1
2

1. P is not time dependent.

2. When v = i , it is a purely resistive load case.
3. When v i = 90o, it is a purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit absorbs no average power.

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 Instantenous and Average Power
Example 1 Calculate the instantaneous power and
average power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
v(t ) 80 cos (10 t 20)
i (t ) 15 sin (10 t 60)
1 1
p(t ) Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2
=385.7 600cos(20t 10) W

P= 385.7 W is the average power flow

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 Average Power Problem
Practice Problem 11.4: Calculate the average power absorbed by each of the five
elements in the circuit given.

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Average Power Problem

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 Maximum Average Power Transfer
Finding the maximum average power which can be transferred from
a linear circuit to a Load connected.

a) Circuit with a load b) Thevenin Equivalent circuit

Represent the circuit to the left of the load by its Thevenin equiv.
Load ZL represents any element that is absorbing the power generated
by the circuit.
Find the load ZL that will absorb the Maximum Average Power from
the circuit to which it is connected.

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 Maximum Average Power Transfer Condition
Write the expression for average power associated with ZL: P(ZL).
ZTh = RTh + jXTh ZL = RL + jXL
2 RL
VTh VTh 1 2 VTh
I P I RL 2
ZTh Z L ( RTh jX Th ) ( RL jX L ) 2 ( RTh RL ) 2 ( X Th X L ) 2
Ajust R L and X L to get maximum P
2
P VTh RL ( X Th X L )

X L ( R R ) 2 ( X X ) 2 2
Th L Th L
2
P VTh ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L ) 2 RL ( RTh RL )
2 2

RL 2 2
2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2

P P
0 X L X Th 0 RL RTh 2 ( X Th X L ) 2 RTh
X L RL
Z L RL jX L RTh jX Th ZTh

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 Maximum Average Power Transfer Condition
Therefore: ZL = RTh - XTh = ZTh will generate the maximum power
transfer. I L RL VTh
2 2

Maximum power Pmax Pmax

2 8 RTh

For Maximum average power transfer to a load impedance ZL we must

choose ZL as the complex conjugate of the Thevenin impedance ZTh.

Z L RL jX L RTh jX Th Z Th
2
VTh
Pmax
8 RTh

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 Maximum Average Power Transfer
Practice Problem 11.5: Calculate the load impedance for maximum power
transfer and the maximum average power.

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Maximum Average Power Transfer

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 Maximum Average Power for Resistive Load
When the load is PURELY RESISTIVE, the condition for maximum power
transfer is:

XL 0 RL RTh 2 ( X Th X L ) 2 RTh 2 X Th 2 ZTh

Now the maximum power can not be obtained from the P max formula given before.
Maximum power can be calculated by finding the power of R L when XL=0.

RESISTIVE
LOAD

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 Maximum Average Power for Resistive Load
Practice Problem 11.6: Calculate the resistive load needed for maximum power
transfer and the maximum average power.

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 Maximum Average Power for Resistive Load

RL

Notice the way that the maximum power is calculated using the Thevenin
Equivalent circuit.

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 Effective or RMS Value
The EFFECTIVE Value or the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a periodic
current is the DC value that delivers the same average power to a resistor as the
periodic current.

a) AC circuit b) DC circuit

1 T R T
P i (t ) Rdt i (t ) 2 dt I eff 2 R I Rms 2 R
2

T 0 T 0
1 T 1 T
I eff I Rms Veff VRms
2
i (t ) dt v (t ) 2 dt
T 0 T 0

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 Effective or RMS Value of a Sinusoidal
The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a sinusoidal voltage or current is equal
to the maximum value divided by square root of 2.

1 T Im2 T 1 I
I m cos tdt (1 cos 2 t )dt m
2 2
I Rms
T 0 T 0 2 2

P 12 Vm I m cos( v i ) VRms I Rms cos( v i )

The average power for resistive loads using the (RMS) value is:
2
V
PR I Rms 2 R Rms
R

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 Effective or RMS Value
Practice Problem 11.7: Find the RMS value of the current waveform. Calculate
the average power if the current is applied to a 9 resistor.

4t
8-4t T 2
4t 0 t 1
i (t )
8 4t 1 t 2

1 T 1 1 2
2
i dt 0 1
2 2 2
I (4t ) dt (8 4t ) dt
2
rms
T 0

16 1 2 1 t 3
2 16
0 1
2
I rms t 2 dt (4 4t t 2 ) dt 2
I rms 8 4t 2t 1
2
2 3 3 3
16
I rms 2.309A 16
3 PI 2
rms R (9) 48W
3
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